law of specific nerve energies
Johannes Muller's idea that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve
frequency
If you feel intense pain it is because your pain receptors are firing with great _____
amplitude
the ____ of a receptor's response determines how many action potentials the next set of neurons sends and their timing.
strength of a stimulus
The ____ determines the amount of a receptor cell's depolarization or hyperpolarization.
pupil
light enters the eye through this structure
lens
light in the eye is focused by this adjustable structure
cornea
light in the eye is focused by this unadjustable structure
retina
Light in the eye is projected onto this structure at the back of the eye
bipolar
in the vertebrate retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____ cells, located closer to the center of the eye
ganglion cells
From bipolar cells the visual info is sent to these cells, located closer to the center of the eye
amacrine cells
These cells gather info from bipolar cells and refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond to shapes, movements, etc.
ganglion cells, bipolar cells
Light passes through these cells en route to the receptors
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the ____
receptors
the blind spot has no ____
fovea
tiny area specialized for acute, detailed vision
bipolar cell
each receptor in the fovea connects to one ____, which connects to a single ganglion cell, having an axon to the brain
midget ganglion cells
the ganglion cells in the fovea of humans and other primates are called?
top half
hawks and other birds of prey have more visual receptors on the (top half/bottom half) of their retinas
foveas
some birds have two ___ per eye
rods
these cells are abundant in the periphery of the eye
cones
these cells are abundant near the fovea
rods to cones
In nocturnal animals, the ratio of ___ to ___ is much greater than in humans
photopigments
chemicals that release energy when struck by light
350 to 700
human visual spectrum of wavelengths is ___ to ___ nm.
trichromatic theory
According to this theory, we can perceive different colors based on the ratio between the three different types of color receptors (cones)
red
a wavelength of 700nm is what color?
visual field
the part of the world that you see is called the ___ ____
color constancy
the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting. the down fall of the opponent process theory
retinex theory
To account for color and brightness constancy, this theory was proposed, in which the cortex compares info from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area
color deficiency
Ppl can't distinguish between red and green because their long and medium wavelength cones have the same photopigment instead of different ones. This is the cause of the most common form of?