William James described the mind as
a stream of consciousness that consists of a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.
Your English professor gives you some advice on how to cure writer's block. She tells you to sit at your computer for 15 minutes and write whatever comes into your head. You don't censor yourself or worry about spelling or grammar. Instead you merely tran
stream of consciousness
Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?
awareness and arousal
. _____ is a state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas _____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.
Awareness/arousal
Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the _____, whereas arousal is determined by the _____.
prefrontal cortex/reticular activating system
. _____ refers to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.
Theory of mind
Developmental psychologists have used a procedure called the false belief task to examine children's
theory of mind
Which of the following individuals is exhibiting the highest level of conscious awareness?
. Maria, who is working out an algebra problem on a piece of paper
Frank buys a new smartphone and tries exploring the phone's features as soon as he reaches home. While doing so, he fails to hear the doorbell, which has been ringing for five minutes. This illustrates the concept of
controlled processes
Identify the true statement about controlled processes.
They involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.
Identify the true statement about automatic processes.
They are considered to be conscious behaviors.
Controlled processes
are slower than automatic processes.
The ability to type a text message on a cell phone without even looking at the keypad is an example of
automatic processin
Automatic processes
require lower levels of attention than controlled processes.
. States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called
automatic processes.
. Daydreaming would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?
lower-level consciousness
Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming?
Daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering.
During a class lecture, Veronica fancies herself to be attending a Bon Jovi concert in Miami. She is most likely
daydreaming.
Altered states of consciousness can be produced by
fatigue.
Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation typically produce
altered states of consciousness.
Losing one's sense of self-consciousness and hallucinating specifically during the use of drugs exemplifies
altered states of consciousness
Betty has dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Harper hypnotizes her to interact with the other personalities that she exhibits as a result of her condition. Betty is most likely
in an altered state of consciousness.
Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?
subconscious awareness
It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left. She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem. Cindy is de
incubation.
Which of the following would be an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind?
Being anesthetized
The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called
circadian rhythm.
The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Jet lag may be best explained by the
effect of time shifts on the circadian rhythm.
Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office. This change in her work hours
may cause Helen to be at increased risk for heart disease
Helen, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday. During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best explain her behavior?
Her biological clock has become desynchronized.
Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to
decrease memory performance
While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in
stage 1 sleep.
Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of _____ sleep.
stage 2
. _____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves.
Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that he is
dreaming.
Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?
The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.
Which of the following is true of a night's sleep?
Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep.
Compared with to dreams that occur during the REM stage, those that occur during the non-REM stage are
less vivid.
REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.
acetylcholine
Insomnia is a disorder involving
difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.
Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job. Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now. Lately he has experienced serious difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. Which disorder has Jer
insomnia
Moesha has been feeling very stressed about an important project at work. She has difficulty falling asleep and awakens frequently during the night. Moesha is most likely suffering from
insomnia
Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.
stage 3 and stage 4
Identify the true statement about sleepwalking
It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived.
Falling asleep all of a sudden while talking to a friend is most likely an example of
insomnia.
Lily has been battling insomnia for a very long time. She recently began taking medication to help her sleep. After several weeks of taking the drug, she noticed that she no longer fits into most of her clothes. She realizes that she has put on ten pounds
Ambien
Night terrors typically occur
during non-REM sleep.
Night terrors differ from nightmares in that night terrors
are less common than nightmares.
_____ are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer from REM sleep. _____ involve sudden arousal from sleep and an intense physiological fear reaction (e.g., screaming, heavy breathing, and perspiration).
Nightmares/Night terrors
Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan may suffer from
narcolepsy.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by
sudden, uncontrollable urge to fall asleep.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which individuals
fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.
_____ is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.
Sleep apnea
Kevin suffers from _____. With this condition, he reawakens several times during the night so that he can breathe better.
sleep apnea
Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep?
sleep apnea
Mr. Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night. It is most likely that Mr. Owens suffers from
sleep apnea.
Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring. You look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing. For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Gr
sleep apnea
According to Sigmund Freud, dreams symbolize
unconscious wishes and hidden desires.
Homer goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His
therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his
family obligat
the latent content of Homer's dream.
Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, "You won't believe what I dreamed. I was being chased by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me down!" If Gary described his dream to a psych
gary's concern over monthly bills
What theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing and memory?
cognitive theory of dreaming
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive theory of dreaming?
Dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams under the cognitive theory.
According to _____, dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower brain.
the activation-synthesis theory
A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that
life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges.
Which of the following statements about psychoactive drug use is FALSE?
The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called
tolerance.
Blake smokes marijuana. When he first started using, he used to get high off one joint, but now he finds he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high. This is an example of
tolerance.
. _____ drug dependence is the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued, whereas _____ drug dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reason
Physical/psychological
Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily doses of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use
physical dependence.
Ian repeatedly uses heroin to reduce stress and enhance the feeling of well-being. Ian's behavior exemplifies
psychological dependence
Drug addiction occurs when
physical and/or psychological dependence develops
Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good?
They increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.
Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in addiction?
dopamine
The brain's reward pathway is located in the
ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.
Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity are called
depressants
Tranquilizers and alcohol are
depressants.
Tranquilizers, sedatives, and opiates all belong to the category of _____ drugs.
depressant
College students who consume large amounts of alcohol on weekends are abusing which type(s) of drugs?
depressants
What is the most widely used drug in the United States?
caffeine
Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?
Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes.
What is the definition of a binge-drinking episode?
more than five drinks in a row
Which of the following is the most common negative consequence that binge-drinking college students create for
themselves?
missing class
What is the most common negative consequence that binge-drinking college students create for others?
They interrupt others people's study or sleep.
According to research on alcoholism, which of the following individuals is most likely to become dependent on alcohol?
Aaron, who began drinking at age 12 with the neighborhood kids
Depressants _____ whereas stimulants _____.
slow down central-nervous-system activity/increase central-nervous-system activity
_____, such as Nembutal and Seconal, are depressant drugs that decrease central-nervous-system activity.
Barbiturates
Identify the true statement about barbiturates.
They are most often used in suicide attempts.
Which of the following is true of opiates?
They depress the central nervous system's activity.
Sleeping pills are classified as a(n)
barbiturate
. _____, such as Valium, are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation
Tranquilizers
Rebecca's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Xanax (a depressant drug that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation). Xanax is classified as a(n)
tranquilizer
Ricardo broke his wrist while rollerblading in the park. Since the accident he has been taking morphine, a powerful pain killer. What type of drug is Ricardo taking?
opiate
Gloria can't get through the day without several cups of coffee and energy drinks. She says she needs the caffeine to
function normally. What type of drug is Gloria dependent on?
stimulant
Heather reported a boost in energy and a sense of well-being after taking a drug. Medical tests revealed increased activity of her central nervous system. The drug she took is most likely a
stimulant
Which of the following statements is true of caffeine?
It is derived from natural components of plants.
The most widely used stimulants in the world are _____ and _____.
caffeine/nicotine
Kate, a long-time coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when she skips her coffee in the morning. What is the likely cause of these complaints?
removal of a psychoactive drug from diet
Nicotine raises _____ levels in the brain.
dopamine
Brett takes a drug that increases his feeling of euphoria. The drug also enhances his level of activity and pleasurable
feelings. Which of the following drugs did he most likely take?
amphetamine
What type of drug is crystal meth?
amphetamine
Jacob's friend Sarah loves the warmth she feels for everybody when she takes Ecstasy. Jacob warns her that repeated use of this drug could have lasting negative effects on the neurotransmitter
serotonin
Which category of drugs modify a person's perceptual experiences and produces visual images that are not real?
hallucinogens
Marijuana and LSD are considered to be
hallucinogens
Which of the following statements is true of marijuana?
Marijuana can trigger increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors.
Identify the true statement about LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide).
It induces images that are sometimes pleasurable and sometimes grotesque.
Luke, who frequently takes drugs, keeps complaining that his drapes are growing tentacles that are threatening to strangle him. Luke is most likely taking
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
_____ is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
Hypnosis
Mitchell wants to quit smoking, so his therapist decides to try hypnosis as a form of treatment. What is the first step that the therapist will most likely take when attempting to hypnotize Mitchell?
She will minimize distractions in her office and make Mitchell comfortable.
In a television reality show, Trevor, the host, puts one of his contestants in a trance and asks her to pretend to be a
famous singer. The contestant starts singing with confidence even though she has never sung publicly before. The contestant is in a sta
hypnosis
Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?
Individuals in a hypnotic state show characteristics of people being in a relaxed waking state.
The divided-consciousness view of hypnosis holds that
hypnosis involves a special state of consciousness in which consciousness is split into separate components.
Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer" is known as
the divided-consciousness view of hypnosis.
. _____ is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.
The social-cognitive-behavior view of hypnosis
Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of hypnosis is FALSE?
Research does not support the claim that hypnosis can reduce the experience of pain.
_____ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry.
Meditation
. _____ meditation has beneficial effects on a variety of conditions, including depression, panic attacks, anxiety, chronic pain, stress, and psoriasis.
Mindfulness
Which of the following statements is true of meditation?
As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both.
As Carlton is just about to fall asleep, he experiences an overwhelming feeling of wellness and a sense that everything is going to work out. This state of mind is referred to as
hypnagogic reverie
Meditation has been compared to _____, the relaxed sense that all is well.
hypnagogic reverie
Which of the following regions of the brain are involved in meditation?
the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex
Define the five levels of awareness and give an example of each.
Higher-level consciousness involves the use of controlled processing (deliberate and effortful focus on a goal). When we are taking a math test, we are engaged in a high-level consciousness activity. Lower levels of awareness include automatic processes a
Explain the distinction between automatic and controlled processes.
Controlled processing requires active conscious effort. Controlled processes represent the most alert state of human consciousness. Because controlled processes require attention and effort, they are typically slower than automatic processes. Automatic pr
Explain how circadian rhythms affect physiological and psychological functioning.
Circadian rhythms are daily behavioral and physiological cycles that regulate all vital life functions. Daily circadian rhythms regulate a person's sleep/wakefulness cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. When circadian rhythms ar
Why do we sleep? What role does sleep play in influencing our psychological and physical health?
Sleep is essential for physical and psychological well-being. Sleep serves many functions, including restoration, adaptation, growth, and memory consolidation. All animals require sleep. Thus, sleep seems absolutely fundamental for survival. Scientists pr
Garrett pulled an "all-nighter" before his chemistry exam. What consequences will Garrett likely experience as a result of staying up all night to study? Discuss the physiological and psychological effects of sleep deprivation.
Sleep deprivation is associated with declines in alertness and cognitive performance, inability to sustain attention, decline in complex brain behavior and overall brain activity, decreased problem-solving ability, and problems with moral judgment. Althou
Compare and contrast rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep. Do we dream during each type of sleep? If so, are there distinctions between REM and non-REM dreams?
Specialists refer to sleep stages 1-4 as non-REM sleep. REM is an active stage of sleep that occurs in stage 5. The EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern for REM sleep shows fast waves similar to those of relaxed wakefulness.
During REM sleep, the sleeper's
Compare and contrast the two major theories of dreaming (the cognitive theory of dreaming and the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming).
The cognitive theory of dreaming claims that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind. According to cognitive theory, since dreaming involves information processing and memory, dreams are essent
What is psychological dependence and physical dependence of psychoactive drugs?
Psychological dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons. Physical dependence is a physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as pain or craving.
Discuss the distinctions among depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Explain how these drugs affect physical and psychological functioning.
Stimulants, like caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, increase activity in the central nervous system. Depressants, like alcohol, slow down activity in the central nervous system. Hallucinogens, like LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), and marijuana, are psych
Discuss the nature of hypnosis, individual variations in hypnosis, and application of hypnosis.
When under hypnosis, individuals are aware of what is happening. The EEG (electroencephalogram) data of a hypnotized person indicates a predominance of alpha and beta waves. A hypnotic state is most similar to a relaxed waking state. Some people are more