Axis 1 disorders
the major clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment.
Syndromes
groups or clusters of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder.
Axis 2 disorders
more long-standing personality disorders as well as mental retardation.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least six months.
Agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder involving intense fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur.
Panic attack
sudden. short period of exterme anxiety involving physiological and psychological symptoms and intense fear.
Panic disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
a type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat.
Phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by onogoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder in which compulsive thoughts lead to obsessive behaviors.
obsession
an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistenly and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.
compulsion
a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules.
impulse control disorder
an anxiety disorder related to obsessive-compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors.
diathesis-stress model
explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions plus stress or an abusive environment.
The occurance of two or more disorders at the same time known as __________.
catatonia
The heritability rate for schizophrenia is roughly:
80%
Low levels of the nerotransmitter _______ might explain why people with schizophrenia have trouble with selective attention, cognitive control, and working memory.
glutamate
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with it's own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.
dissociative disorders
psychological disorders characterized by extereme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.
Latresha is not hungry, is extremely tired, and doesn't feel like doing much of anything. She might be coming down with a cold, or she might be suffering from which mood disorder?
major depressive disorder
David went home for Christmas break and he found that his mother, who was usually depressed, had just purchased dozens of birds houses from a local gift store. She'd had each custom wrapped and was planning to give them to all extended members of the fami
She has bipolar disorder.
Which neurotransmitter is reduced in both the manic and depressed phases of biopolar disorder?
serotonin
psychotic disorders
psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions.
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specfically problems.
positive symptoms
the perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorfanized thought and speech.
hallucinations
convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
delusion
in people with schizophrenia, a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary.
negative symptoms
symptoms that include non-respsonsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks.
cognitive symptoms
problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech.
word salad
term for the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.
paranoid schizophrenia
subtype of schizophrenia characterized by preoccupation with delusions and auditory hallucinations.
catatonic schizophrenia
two of the following symptoms; extereme immobility, excessive activity, peculiar posturing, mutism, or parroting what other people say.
undifferentiated schizophrenia
characterized by the general symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
disorganized schizophrenia
by disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect.
_______ produce extereme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.
dissociative disorders
Years ago this disorder was known as multiple personality disorder:
schizoid disorder
A history of ________ appears to play a causal role in the development of dissociative disorders.
physical or sexual abuse, traumatic experiences
schizoid personality disorder
odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor.
schizotypal personality disorder
odd-characterized by a desire to live an isolated and isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs.
personality disorders
odd-maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence.
paranoid personality disorder
odd-characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways.
histrionic personality disorder
dramatic- by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant and exaggerated behaviors.
narcissistic personality disorder
dramatic- by having an extremely positice and arrogant self-image and being extrordinary self-centered.
antisocial personality disorder
dramatic- by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder.
avoidant personality disorder
anxious- by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction.
obsessive-compulsive personality
by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive-complusive disorder.
dependant personality disorder
anxious- personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for.
People with ______ personality disorder are so afraid of being criticized that they stay away from others and become socially isolated.
avoidant
Individuals with which kind of personality disorder are most likely to commit crimes and end up in jail?
antisocial
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
childhood: inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work.
autistic disorder
childhood: severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors.
asperger's syndrome
childhood: characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted interests.
Jolo is a 5-year boy who does not speak, waves his arms around a lot, does not make eye contact, and does not seem to connect with other kids of adults. Jolo may have which disorder?
autistic disorder
Kelly fidgets a lot, blurts out what she is thinking, and makes many careless mistakes in her homework, even when she knows the answers. Kelly most likely would be diagnosed with which childhood disorder?
adhd
Research shows which psychotic disorder is most strongly associated with creativity?
schizotypal
With respect to the relationship between bipolar disorder and creativity, the manic phase is more likely to produce creative behavior than the depressive phase.
All on first side :]
How might adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of psychological disorders?
by depriving the child of physical contact, by profoundly altering brain development, by providing impoverished social stimulation
Perry's ACE research has shown that if children who are raised in neglectful home environments are placed in caring and stimulating foster care at age 5...
their brain show little increase brain size.