episodic memory
a personal experience; a memory of a specific event. ex: favorite memory
semantic memory
general knowledge of the world, facts, & meanings. ex: states and capitals
procedural memory
Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection. ex. walking, part of brain involved-cerebellum
encoding
process of choosing which info. is to be stored and transforming it into a form that can be saved
storage
means of preserving info.-visual codes, acoustic codes
retrieval
locating stored info. and returning it to conciousness
three box model
info. processing model
sensory memory
use of senses; unlimited capacity, limited storage time; info lost cuz not encoded; p.o.b. invovled-frontal lobe
short term memory
working memory; limited capactiy of about 30 seconds, temporary if not encoded
serial position effect
aka primasy effect; you remember what's first and last the best
chunking
or grouping; chunk by 7; organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
rote
mechanical based on repitition, ex. alphabet
displacement
chunks disappear from short term memory when new items are added
long term memory
you fail to retrieve it; unlimited capacity; p.o.b. involved-hippocampus
consolidation
long term memory becomes durable
schemas
way of mentally representing the world that can influence the perception of ppl, objects and situations; inner prejudice
eye witness accounts
influenced by our schemas; more accurate if witness is same race; accuracy improves when more than one witness; from someone's perspective
decay theory
info will be lost if not accessed
flashbulb memory
tend to remember events under unusual or emotional circumstances, evolutionary significance identified by Roger Brown & James Kulek
tip of the tongue phenomena
TOT temporary inability to remember
context dependent memory
info is better retrieved in context in which it was encoded
state dependent memory
info is better retrieved if in the emotional state in when you first experienced it
eidetic memory
photographic memory; often has to do with #s
deja vu
cues from the present overlap those from the past; eerie experience of having been there before
recognition
easiest memory of retention encountered memory before; a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
recall
more difficult to make connections; ex. fill in blank w/o word bank, a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
relearning
you forget most rapidly right after the material is learned; you learn more rapidly the second time around; as time relapses there's a slower rate of forgetting, ex. math problems
retroactive interference
learning new info interferes with recall of older info
proactive interference
older info. learned learned previously interferes with recall of info learned more recently ex. recently
confabulation
confuse what happens to others with what happened to you
repression
motivated forgetting
Elizabeth Loftus
many recovered memories are false because leading questions are asked
infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before age three)
anterograde amnesia
memory loss following a trauma. ex. you only remember the car crash.
retrograde amnesia
memory loss prior to the trauma. ex only remembering before getting in the car.
reminiscence bumps
in older ppl, they remember earlier things in life but won't remember what they had for lunch.
mnemonic devices
systems of remembering ex. PEMDAS
Alzheimer's disease
progressive form of mental deterioration that affects memory, language, and problem sovling.
mood congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
priming
a method used to measure unconscious cognitive processes, such as implicit memory, in which a person is exposed to info. and is later tested to see whether the info. affects behavior or performance on another task or in another situation.
automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned infomation.
selective attention
you pay attention to what's most important