The flow rate is equal to the _____, of fluid that travels past a point in a certain amount of _____.
volume, time
The flow rate unit is measured in ____ ____ ____ ____ in the English system.
Gallons per minute (GPM)
The flow rate can be determined by measuring the amount of _____ it takes to fill a container of a known _____.
Time, volume
The function of a needle valve is to control the _____ of an actuator by restricting the _____ _____ of oil to that actuator.
speed, Flow rate
The needle valve's _________ ________ can be turned in or out to vary the passage opening in the body from _____ to fully ______.
adjustment screw, blocked, open
The hydraulic motor is an ______ that converts fluid power into _______ mechanical power.
actuator, rotary
The hydraulic motor rotates its shaft when ____ _____through it, creating a high ______ output at slow _______.
oil flows, torque, speeds
Hydraulic motors are ____________ ___________ devices whose shafts rotate faster at higher ______ _______.
positive displacement, flow rates
A hydraulic motor shaft, that can turn in either direction, is called ________________.
bi-directional
A standard _____ motor uses two meshing spur gears that rotate inside a housing.
gear
The __________ motor uses an internal gear that rotates inside a ring gear similar to planetary gears.
gerotor
A ______ motor has vanes that are ______ loaded so they will fully ______ when the motor is stopped.
vane, spring, extend
The three types of piston motors are _______, ______, and __________.
in-line, bent axis, radial
The __________ _________ and the ___________ must always be shown in the _______ or _______ position all other symbols may be rotated or reversed without altering their meaning.
vented reservoir, accumulator, upright, vertical
The __________ ____________ symbol may be shown as many times as desired without indicating that there is more than one _________.
vented reservoir, reservoir
Lines (conductors) are shown either __________ or ____________ but never as __________ lines.
horizontally, vertically, diagonal
The three types of lines are: __________, ____________, and _________.
connecting, crossing, blocked
Symbols show ________, _____ ________ and _______ only.
connections, flow paths, functions
Each symbol is drawn to show the ________, ___ ______, _______________, or ________ condition of the component.
normal, at rest, de-energized, neutral
An M inside a circle always represents an __________ ____________ ___________
electric drive motor
A solid arrow or triangle can indicate the flow direction of oil from the _______ _________ _________
pump power unit.
In a hydraulic cylinder, the __________ will rise to a level that creates a _____ which is _____ and _______ to the force created by the _______ or weight.
pressure, force, equal, opposite, load
If a cylinder is trying to extend a load, the pressure developed in the oil is exerted over the surfaces inside the _____ _____ of the cylinder.
cap end
However, only on the area of the ________ , does the pressure exert a force to ______ the load.
piston, move
When a cylinder ___________ or pulls a load, the oil pressure is applied to the ____ _____ side of the piston.
retracts, rod end
In this case, the oil pressure cannot act against the entire surface of the piston because of the rod, but acts only against the "______" or _______ area.
donut, annular
This means that the __________ force capability of a cylinder is less than its _________ force capability.
retracting, extending
Fluid flows between two connected points whenever there is a _______ __________ between the two points.
pressure difference
Fluid flowing in a pipe, for example, is not _________ because the pipe is not ________ on all sides.
confined , closed
According to Pascal's Law, if pressurized oil is ___ _______ between two points, the pressure is the _____ at the two points.
not flowing , same
Pascal's Law states that fluid __________ in a confined vessel is transmitted ___________ and undiminished to every portion of the surface(s) of the containing vessel and is acting at _____ _________ to the surface(s).
pressure, equally, right angles
A hydraulic system can generate a large output force with a small input force by utilizing _________ ___________ or hydraulic leverage based on Pascal's Law and the pressure equals _____ divided by _______ principle.
force multiplication, force , area
In utilizing the concept of hydraulic leverage, actuator _________ is sacrificed.
speed
Hydraulic systems can be _______ indefinitely without damage and will produce full ______ at zero _______.
stalled, force, speed
Hydraulic pumps do not produce ______; they produce ______
pressure, flow
The _______ at the pump is cause by the resistance in the system to the _____ produced by the pump and is equal to the _________ resistance plus the ________ _________ resistance.
pressure, flow, load, fluid friction
No matter how smooth the surfaces, there is always some ___________ resistance.
frictional
The amount of resistance of each component depends on the characteristics of the component such as the _____, _______, and __________ of the inside ___________.
size, shape, roughness, surfaces
The resistance is also affected by characteristics of the fluid including ______________ ___________ (___________) and ______ _________
fluid viscosity, thickness, flow rate.
Normally, the __________ resistance should be as low as possible because the energy used to overcome this resistance is lost at __________.
frictional, heat
The larger the component, the less _________it will create on the _________ fluid.
friction, moving
Delta P is the difference in pressure between _____ ________ and _____ ________ in the system, between the ______ and the _______, and between the __________ and ______________ pressures.
one point, another point, inlet, outlet, upstream, downstream
Delta P varies with _____ _________ and is often used to describe ________ in a hydraulic system or component.
flow rate, resistance
Delta P can be caused by ______ resistance (i.e. a cylinder _____ a weight) or _________ resistance (i.e. fluid being __________).
load, lifting, frictional, routed
When troubleshooting a system, if a ______, ________, or ___________ is partially clogged, its' delta P will be __________ than normal.
strainer, filter, component, higher
The operating/system pressure refers to the pressure at the pump's _______ during operation.
outlet
The pressure at other points in the system will be between the _______ pressure and _____.
operating, zero
With few exceptions, the highest pressure occurs at the pump's ________.
outlet
As oil is pumped through the system, it drops in pressure due to __________ resistance and actuator ______.
frictional, load
The _______ has the lowest pressure which is 0 psi/0 kPa.
reservoir
The pressure at any point in the system is equal to the sum of all the ____________ ____________ ___________of that point and is only affected by components located ____________.
pressure drops downstream , downstream
As the cylinder extends and the fluid flows, the _____________ _________ represent the total resistance of the components downstream.
pressure drops
The pressure drops of all the component except the cylinder load are caused by __________ resistance.
frictional
When the cylinder fully extends, the oil flow from the pump ______________ in the cap end of the cylinder and has nowhere to flow.
deadheads
Since the pump continues to pump oil, the oil pressure in the system ____________ until the relief valve setting is ___________.
increases, exceeded
At this point, the relief valve ___________, allowing the oil from the pump to flow through it and return back to the __________.
opens, reservoir
When the oil flow is ____________ or _____________ in a hydraulic system, the pressure distribution is not affected by the _____________ resistance of the component because fluid is no longer flowing.
stopped, deadheaded, frictional
When the pump shaft is rotated, the pump elements at the inlet create an increasing __________, which results in a partial ___________ that causes the pressure to drop _______ atmospheric pressure at the inlet.
volume, vacuum, below
Due to the ___________ _____________ caused by the higher atmospheric ____________ at the surface of the oil in the reservoir and the partial ___________ at the pumps inlet, ___ from the reservoir is ____________ into the suction line of the pump.
pressure differential, pressure, vacuum, oil, pushed
If the suction strainer is partially _________ or the inlet to the pump is too __________, the atmospheric pressure will not be able to push the oil quickly enough into the pump, ________ the pumping elements of the lubricating oil, and pump ___________ w
clogged, small, starving, damage