__________ is a molecule, not a compound
N2
____________ is a winding membrane network. In the rough region, proteins are inserted into the lumen as they are made.
The endoplasmic reticulum
___________ members are multicellular eukaryotes with no cell walls
Animalia
When a cell radius increases by 2UM, volume increases ___ and surface increases ____
8x;4x
When pH changes from 4 to 8, concentration of H+ is ____ of what it was at 4
1/10,000
Ribosome subunits are made in the ____
nucleolus
__________ is double-membraned with its own DNA, with membraned sacks called thylakoids, and interior lumen called stroma
Chloroplast
_____, _____, _____, and _____ make up 96% of living matter
Carbon;hydrogen;nitrogen;oxygen
C14H28O4 is a ________________
xv
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with ___________
micotubules
_________ is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Nonpolar covalent bonds occur when electrons are _____________
shared equally
Newly synthesized proteins go from the ____ to the _______ to _______
ER;Golgi;lysosomes
The size and weight of the component determines if a cellular component ends up in the _______ or ______ configuration
supernatant;pellet
_________ have the same number of electrons and same atomic number, but different atomic mass
Isotopes
Related classes are grouped into ________
phylum
The _________ has a cis, medial, and trans region and is stacked of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cistern where proteins are processed, modified, and sorted
Golgi
Ice floats on water because ___________ bonds are farther apart in Ice than they are in water
hydrogen
Microtubules have a ______ arrangement
9+2
___________ bonds are typically between nucleotides
Phosphodiester
When a cell is producing cytoplasmic enzymes, ribosomes are usually not bound to the _______
ER
If you want 70,000x magnification, use a ____________
ER
When added to an aqueous solution at pH 7, an acid will act as a proton _______, lowering the pH
donor
The cell theory states that new cells are made from ____________
existing cells
________ is specific to general while ________ is general to specific
Inductive;deductive
___________ bonds occur when attraction between partially positive charged region and partially negative charged region
Hydrogen
______ cells include enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, large central vacuole, cell wall, and plasma membrane
Plant
Water is an effective temperature buffer because of its ___________
relatively high specific heat
Hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the peptide backbone are responsible for the________________ in proteins
B-pleated sheet structures
________ are proteins imbedded in the plasma membrane of animal cells and typically receive signals from the extracellular matrix
integrins
Elements want to fill their valence shell (8 electrons) _______ lose electrons while ______ gain electrons
anions;cations
The _____________ is the site in eukaryotic cells of most ATP production via aerobic respiration; its highly folded inner membrane forms c
mitochondrion
__________ are thinner than __________ and are made of actin monomers
Microfilaments;microtubules
________ light has the least energy energy per proton
Infrared
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to
pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient.
When used as an energy source, _______________ will typically provide a cell with more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
tricylglycerol fats
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during fermentation occurs as a means of regenerating ___________ from NADH
NAD+
When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution with an enzyme and sauturating concentration of citrate the run rate decreases. Adding more citrate would partially overcome the effect of oxaloacetate on the run rate. Oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme in the
competitive inhibitor
During _______ and __________ of mitosis, chromosomes are compared of two chromatids
prophase;metaphase
Iron-sulfur proteins, cytochromes, ubiquinone, and FMN are all components of the _______________ used in oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chain
Chromosomes pair and cross-over during _____
prophase I
NADP+ is the ________________ in noncyclic electron transport
ultimate electron acceptor
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires ____ 2-PGA molecules and the use of _____ ATPs and _____ NADPHs
12;12;12
To increase rate of reaction, __________
add more enzyme
The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is an ________
allosteric site
The process that allows protons to more with their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel is _________
facilitated diffusion
Any protein that is imbedded in the lipid bilayer of a cellular membrane is an __________
integral protein
Cell-cell contacts that act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent plant cells is ____________
plasmodesmata
_________ lower the activation energy of a reaction. ________ speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes;Catalyst
Enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the _________ of the chloroplast
storma
Large molecules cannot pass through the membrane by ________
simple diffusion
________ reduce activation energy requirements by holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction, direct involvement in the reaction during transition sites, putting strain on expiating bonds, and provision a microenvironment t
Enzymes
A 12-carbon fatty acts is produced via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl CoA molecules, each then enter the citiric acid cycle. ____ molecules of NADH would be produced by 6 turns of the citric acid cycle
18
Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during the ______
S phase
______ is reduced relative to NADP+
NADPH
Plastocyanin passes electrons directly to __________
photosynthesis I/P700
If a cell is placed in a solution that is isotonic relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will have ___________
no net exchange of water with the solution
A __________ structure of a protein is the unique 3D shape of a fully folded polypeptide chain
tertiary
The energy source that most directly drives ATP synthesis during the chemiosmosis is the __________________
flow of H+ ions with their gradient thorough ATP synthase
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid by reacting with oxaloacetate, forming _____ and freeing _______
citrate;CoA
________ is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell
Pinocytosis
Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their ______ nature
amphipathic
An enzyme that joins two molecules with covalent bonds would be considered _______
ligase
In C4 and CAM plans, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme ___________
PEP carboxylase
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After she change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl
signal transduction
Unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane ________ fluid (which is preferred at lower temps) because the drivel bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they woul
more
___________ is the net movement of particles from an area of high initial concentration to an area of low initial concentration
Diffusion
In the fluid mosaic model proteins associated with a membrane move around not the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a _____ fluid
2D
Sister chromatids separate during _______
anaphase
In _____________, homologous chromosomes separate from each other
anaphase I
During ________, chromatin of the chromosomes condense, nucleoli disintegrate, the nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles, and a system of microtubules organizes between two poles of the cell
prophase
Zygote�> meiosis�>___________�>___________�> fertilization
mitosis;production of gametes
The primary role of __________ in cellular respiration is to act as the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain
oxygen