The demand for loanable funds is _____ sloping because _____ respond to lower interest rates by _____ their quantity demanded of loanable funds.
A) downward; investors; increasing
Crowding out negatively affects the economy by:
reducing private investment spending on physical capital.
. Assume the money supply doubles, followed by a doubling of the wage rate and the price level. Under these circumstances, we can safely conclude which of the following?
) Nominal output will double, but real output will remain unchanged.
. If the economy is at point h because of an open market purchase by the Federal Reserve and no further monetary policy is implemented, in the long run:
A) nominal wages will increase, shift SRAS to SRAS', decrease real GDP, and increase the price level.
When the central bank announces the inflation rate that it is trying to achieve and sets policy to reach that rate, it is using:
inflation targeting.
.If the rate of interest is below the equilibrium rate, there will be an _______ money and the interest rate will _______.
A) excess demand for; rise
. If during 2007 the interest rate on 1-month Treasury bills was 2.5% and during 2008 the interest rate on 1-month Treasury bills was 2%, one would conclude that:
A) the opportunity cost of holding money decreased.
When an individual decides to hold money instead of other assets:
A) that individual is giving up the interest that could have been earned by holding other types of assets.
The money demand curve is:
B) downward-sloping because the opportunity cost of holding money rises as the interest rate rises.
An increase in the aggregate price level:
) increases the demand for money.
The federal funds rate is the interest rate on ______, and it is controlled by the _________.
B) reserves that banks lend to each other; Federal Open Market Committee
Expansionary fiscal policies
make the budget surplus smaller.
In response to a negative supply shock, the government decreases taxes. The most likely result of the government's tax decrease is
a decrease in unemployment and an increase in the aggregate price level
Raising taxes shifts the
aggregate demand curve to the left.
Changes in taxes and government transfers shift the aggregate demand curve ______ government purchases
by less than
Government purchases of goods and services differ from changes in taxes and transfer payments because government purchases of goods and services
influences aggregate demand directly while changes in taxes and transfer payments influence aggregate demand indirectly.
If commodity prices rise, which of the following will take place
SRAS curve will shift to the left.
Using monetary policy to address a recessionary gap created by a supply shock involves _________ to _________
increasing the amount of money in circulation; lower the unemployment rate
If the Fed increases the quantity of money in circulation:
interest rates decrease, investment increases, and the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right
The guarantee by the FDIC to reimburse bank customers up to $250,000 per deposit in the event of bank problems is called
deposit insurance
Suppose that the stock market crashes. Which of the following is most likely to occur
the aggregate demand curve shifts to the left
Which curve is easier to shift
the aggregate demand curve
Budget deficits almost always
increase when unemployment increases and fall when unemployment falls
When the aggregate price level increases, the purchasing power of many assets falls, causing a decrease in consumer spending. This is known as the _____ effect and is a reason why the _____ curve slopes _____.
wealth; aggregate demand; downward
The Great Depression was caused by _______ shocks, and the recession of 1979-82 was caused by ______ shocks
demand; supply
The larger the amount of outstanding public debt:
the larger the fraction of the federal budget deficit that must be devoted to interest payments
If nominal wages fall, then the short-run aggregate
supply curve shifts to the right
The aggregate demand curve shows the relationship between the aggregate price level and:
the aggregate quantity of output demanded by households, businesses, the government, and the rest of the world
If all prices, including the nominal wage, rate double in the long run, then aggregate output supplied would
remain unchanged
Government borrowing will not crowd out private investment spending if:
unemployment is high and the fiscal expansion causes an increase in incomes and saving at each interest rate.
The marginal propensity to consume is equal to
the ratio of the change in consumer spending to the change in aggregate disposable income
The accelerator principle states that:
investment spending by firms is positively related to the expected future growth of real GDP.
Investment spending
fluctuates more than consumption.
Inventory investment is
a part of unplanned investment spending and may either be positive or negative.
During the Great Depression
both consumption and investment decreased.
The _______ the _______, the _______ the multiplier.
bigger; MPC; bigger
The negative relationship between the aggregate price level and aggregate output demanded gives the aggregate demand curve
a downward slope
The relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output demanded by households, businesses, the government, and the rest of the world is called:
aggregate demand.
The aggregate supply curve shows the relationship of prices
and the output producers are willing to provide.
The short-run aggregate supply curve illustrates
the positive relationship between the aggregate price level and aggregate output supplied.
There is a _______ relationship between the amount of loanable funds demanded and the rate of interest
negative
The cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60% to 80% by 2050 is estimated to be _______ of real GDP per capita.
1% to 2%