PPT3

�Collection of data of performance of products and service deliverables
�Finding out variations
�Analyzing through brain storming and determining the causes and eliminating the causes
�Improving performance of processes continuously

Objective of Problem Solving Tools

Pareto Chart

�By Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) who was an Italian economist

Pareto Chart

-It is a vertical bar wherein bars are arranged in descending order

Pareto Chart

-It suggests that 80% of the problems are due to 20% of the causes

�To prioritize problems
�To analyze a process
�To identify root causes
�To verify that whatever improvement process you implement continues to work

Pareto Chart Uses

1. Calculate the share of each cause as a percentage of total
2. Then arrange the causes in descending order
3. Group small causes as miscellaneous
4. Draw column graph for each cause equal to contribution

Steps involved in Pareto Diagram (4)

Cause and Effect Diagram

Invented by Kaoru Ishikawa in 1943 thus it is also known as Ishikawa diagram

Cause and Effect Diagram

-It helps the user to understand and list out all possible causes and effect or a desired effect

Cause and Effect Diagram

-It is a diagram drawn in the shape of skeleton fish also known as Fishbone diagram

Cause and Effect Diagram

This also helps the organization to organize the discussion and arrive at all possible causes

Cause and Effect Diagram

This allows the members to have brainstorming session together with the trained facilitator

Backbone

- straight line

Ribs

- categories

Medium size bones

- secondary causes

Small bones

- root causes

1. Identify the end objective
2. Construct a skeleton diagram
3. Identify the main causes first
4. For each main cause, identify next level causes
5. Incubate (reassemble after a day or 2)
6. Analyze the causes and recommendation
7. Take action

Cause and Effect Diagram

Gantt Chart

�Visual scheduling tool
�Graphical representation of information
�Show dependencies between tasks, personnel, and other resources allocations
�Track progress towards completion

Gantt Chart

?Popular, traditional technique, also known as a bar chart -developed by Henry Gantt (1914).

Gantt Chart

?Direct precursor of CPM/PERT for monitoring work progress.

Gantt Chart

?A visual display of project schedule showing activity start and finish times and where extra time is available.

Gantt Chart

?Suitable for projects with few activities and precedence relationships.

Gantt Chart

?Drawback: precedence relationships are not always discernible which limits chart's use for smaller projects

�List all tasks and milestones from the project along the vertical axis
�List time frame along the horizontal axis
�Activities: Create box the length of each activity time duration
�Dependencies: Show dependencies between activities with arrows

Building a Gantt Chart

Project Evaluation and Review Technique

PERT C

PERT chart

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-Visually shows duration of tasks
-Visually shows time overlap between tasks
-Visually shows slack time

Comparison of Gantt and PERT Charts - Gantt

-Visually shows dependencies between tasks
-Visually shows which tasks can be done in parallel
-Shows slack time by data in rectangles

Comparison of Gantt and PERT Charts - PERT