Analytic
-definition is explicit, based on principle of noncontradiction, saying something about the way things are, not a judgement of opinion
-ex: a bachelor is unmarried
Synthetic
-adds something to the definition, judgement of experience and mathematical judgements
-ex: dogs like to play
-7+5=12 because 12 is a new concept from 7+5, this is a synthetic a prior judgement
What kind of judgements must be possible for Metaphysics to be possible?
-synthetic a priori
-in order for metaphysics to be a science, it must come from pure reason
-basically judgements must be possible in order for metaphysics to be possible
A priori
-comes only from reason, independent of experience
A posteriori
-comes from experience
Judgement of perception
-correlation between two things
-ex: When the sun shines, the stone grows warm
Judgement of experience
-connection of cause and effect, causality
-ex: the sun warms the stone
Intuition
-gaining understanding through your senses, only possible through the two pure forms of our senses: space and time
Space and Time
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Mathematics
-comes from our sense of time, since counting is a succession so it can only take place in time
Geometry
-comes from our sense of space
Representation
-appearances, because we can only know things in how they appear to us
Nature
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Concepts of the Understanding-12 categories
-pure forms of our understanding
-only talk about experience of things, not things in themselves
-they are: unity, plurality, totality, reality, negation, limitation, substance, cause, community, possibility, existence, necessity. (need to know 2-3 of the
Transcendent philosophy
-that which goes beyond all possible knowledge of human beings
-precedes metaphysics, seeks to know if metaphysics is possible]
-highest point of transcendent philosophy: how is nature itself even possible?
-experience=perception+understanding
-so humans cannot say anything about things they haven't experienced
Ideas (of reason)
-objects of pure reason are beyond our understanding
-but we keep coming back to the ideas of God, world, and soul
-God, world, and soul show the limits of our cognition
-God: we can never know him through our reason, but it makes sense to think of him
-I
Intellect as Intellectus v. Intellect as Ratio
1) Ratio=discursive active thinking
2) Intellectus=intuitive passive thinking where you just know the right answer, do not have to reason your way to it, this is what God does
worker
-our understanding of the human being who always works for the sake of something else, by downplaying the liberal arts, we start to view the human being as a worker
total work
-mentality in which ideal life is always productive, work is the totality of existence
-utilitarianism view leads to totalitarian society
Good as difficult v. good as good in itself
-the difficulty of work is not what makes it good, something can only be good if it is good in itself
-sacrifice is about the good done, not the hard work involved
Acedia (idleness) according to medieval and modern mind
Medieval: lack of inner peace
Modern: laziness, inactivity
Three Features of Leisure (RES...pect)
1) Relaxation
2) Effortlessness
3) Superiority (of active leisure to all other functions)
-celebration is the core of leisure
De-Proletarianization (DPS)
Proletarianism: men are made to work, total work society
De-proletarianization: exercising leisure, and doing things for their own sake
1) Give the opportunity to own property
2) Democratic state
3) Nurture the spiritual life
Relation between leisure, worship, and sacrifice
Sacrifice is the core of worship. Worship is the core of celebration. Celebration is the core of leisure
-sacrifice=core of celebration (ex. Going to mass): voluntary offering freely given
-since work is doing something for the sake of something else
Contemplation
-"to open one's mind receptively to whatever offers itself to one's vision
Environment (the useful) v. the world (wonderful)
-world=the totality of entities, visible and invisible
-environment=a portion, selection of the world according to the needs of the living being
-so our environment is a small piece of the world
Function of art, philosophy, and religion in the existential crisis
-brings about a state of wonder, since you look at the world with a state of mystery, realize how small you are
-helps to prevent living a bourgeois life
The Spirit
-the capacity to comprehend the world, allows us to philosophize
-to philosophize=the power to embrace the totality of being through the total fascination with things
Philosophy as a non-bourgeois activity
Bourgeois"= a comfortable, well-off life
Philosophy ? wonder
-wonder takes away the ability to take things for granted
Difference between human philosophy and divine wisdom
-when we do philosophy, we actively seek wisdom using our reason, whereas God already has this wisdom. See pages 127-129
Relation between philosophy and religious tradition
-Religions inspire philosophy, draw proof and reason to religion
-religion/traditions give answers to ultimate questions
-philosophy pushes the use of our reason