Agricultural Revolution
A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Began with Muslim scientists
Roger Bacon
(1224-1294)
Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the developme
Scientific Revolution
16th Century
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.
Johannes Kepler
Discovered planets move in eliptical orbits
Isaac Newton
Derived Kepler's laws from the second law of motion in 1677
Equilibrium
A state which forces are balanced, resulting in stability
Static Equilibrium
A state which the lack of changes results in stability
Dynamic Equilibrium
A state which the balance of opposite forces results in stability
Empirical
A phenomenon must be assessed through tests and observations.
Scientific Method Steps
1. Pose a question
2. Form a Hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Analyze and record data
5. Draw Conclusions
6. Graph your data
Variable
A condition that can be changed
Control
An extra setup in which all the conditions are the same except for the variable being tested
Abstract
A summary of the report written at the beginning of the paper
Purpose
Defines and states the problem
Observations and results
The recorded outcomes of the experiment
Conclusion
Explains why the results proved or disproved the hypothesis
Graphing
Visually displays collected data or analysis
Length
Measure this with meter
Volume
Measure this with liter
Mass
Measure this with gram
Data Analysis
1. Tracking and Trends
2. Spatial Analysis and Geographic Distribution: looking at similarities between a population and other demographic factors.
3. Geographic Correlation Studies: Looking at relationships between populations
Pathogenic Organism
Defined as an organism capable of causing disease in its host. A human pathogen is capable of causing illness in humans. Examples are salmonella, listeria, and E. Coli.
Laboratory Equipment
Bunsen Burner
Graduated Cylinder
Balance
Light Microscopes
Foreseeability
The anticipation that an event may. Occur under certain circumstances
Negligence
The failure to exercise ordinary or reasonable care
Right to know Law
Employees must be informed of potential toxic chemicals
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
Weight
The measure of the Earth's pull of gravity on an object
Volume
The amount of cubic space that an object occupies
Density
The mass of a substance contained per unit of volume
Specific Gravity
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water
Physical Property
Properties of matter that describe the appearance of a substance without changing the identity such as the color, mass, shape, and volume.
Chemical Property
Properties of matter that describe the ability of a substance to be changed
Physical change
Change in a substance that doesn't create a new substance
Chemical change
Change in a substance that can change the substance to one more or more other substances.
Element
A substance that. Cannot be broken down into other substances
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element
Moleule
The smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and still have all of the same properties of that substance. Most are one atom but there are a few that have two atoms like hydrogen
Compound
Two or more elements that have been chemically combinerd
Compounds
-made up one kind of particle
-formed during a chemical change
-broken down by chemical changes
-properties are different from their parts
-specific amount of each ingredient
Mixtures
-made of two or more particles
-not formed by chemical change
-can be separated by physical changes
-properties are the same as parts
-doesn't need specific amount of each ingredient
Sulfuric acid
H2S04
Used in medicine, alcohol, dye and car batter
Nitric acid
HNO3
Used in fertilizer, explosives, and cleaning materials
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Soft drinks
Acetic acid
HC2H3O2
Used in making plastics, rubber, photo film, and solvent
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Used in soap, paper, veggie oil
Ammonium Hydroxide
NH4OH
Used in deodorants, bleach and cleaning compounds
Potassium hydroxide
KOH
Used in soap, drugs, dyes, alkaline batteries
Calcium hydroxide
CaO2H2
Used in cement and plaster
Indicator
A substance that changes color when it comes in to contact with either an acid or base. If it doesn't change color then initial substance is neutral since it's neither acid nor base.
States of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
Dynamics
The study of the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion. Force causes motion
Friction
The resistance when surfaces touch each other
Static friction
The force of friction when two surfaces come in contact but have no motion relative to eachother
Kinetic friction
The force of friction of two surfaces that have relative motion when they come in contact
Electrical Force
The influential power resulting from electricity as an attractive or repulsive interaction between two charged objects
Electrical force
K
Q1
Q2/d2
Coloumbs law
Gravity Force
Mass times gravity
where gravity=9.8m/s^2
and mass in kg
Force
m/a
mass over acceleration
Centripetal Force
Inward force that keeps an object moving in a circle
Mechanical Advantage
The amount of effort saved when one uses simple complex machines, compound machines
Heat transfer methods
Conduction, convection, radiation
Conduction
Form of heat transfer where heat energy is directly transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact.
Examples includes heating a copper pan on a stove
Convection
The movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations;
Heat transferred by the movement of fluids-liquids and gases
Water in a pot on the stove
Radiation
The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves;
Sunlight traveling from sun to earth
Reflection
when light hits a surface, the incoming light is the same as the angle of the reflected light
Refraction
When light enters a different medium, it bends
Diffraction
The bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening
Electricity
Characteristics include:
-Like charges repel eachother
-Opposite charges attract eachother
-Charge is conserved
-Neutral object has no charge
Conductors
Materials through which electric charges can easily flow;
example are metals
Insulators
Materials which electric charges do not move easily if at all.
Grounding
The removal of static electricity by conduction
Thermal Equilibrium
When two objects of two different temperatures come in contact and they slowly affect each other's temps until they are the same temperature.
Forms of Energy
Thermal, acoustic, radiant, electrical, magnetic, solar, chemical, mechanical, nuclear (9)
Immunity
The body's ability to recognize and destroy an antigen before it causes harm
Arteries
Lead away from the heart.
Arterioles
Arteries branch off to form these smaller passages
Capillaries
Arterioles branch off to form tiny ____ that reach ever cell.
Smallest blood vessels
Venules
Capillaries combine to form larger ____.
smallest veins
Veins
Venules combines to form larger _____ that lead to the heart.
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants make carbohydrates from the energy of the Sun, carbon dioxide and water.
Tropism
The response of plants to grow toward or away from a stimulus in the environment.
Natural Selection
The process by which favorable traits accumulate in a population, changing the population's genetic makeup over time
Speciation
The development of new species
Biomes
Communities that are ecologically similar in regard to temperature, rainfall, and the species that live there.
Succession
An orderly process of replacing a community that has been damaged or beginning one where no life previously existed.
Parasitism
Two species that occupy a similar place; the parasite benefits from the relationship but the host is harmed
Commensalism
Two species that occupy a similar place; neither harms nor benefits
Mutualism
Two species that occupy a similar place; both species benefit from the relationship
Competition
Two species that occupy the same habitat or eat the same food are said to be in competition with each other.
Predation
Animals that eat other animals
Carrying capacity
This is the total amount of life a habitat can support
Axial Skeleton
bones of the skull and vertebrae
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the legs, arms, tailbone, and shoulder girdle
Parts of the bone
Compact Bone-strength
Spongy Bone-red marrow for blood cells
Joint
Place where two bones meet
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Tendons
Attach bone to muscles
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle-voluntary
Smooth muscle-involuntary
Cardiac muscle-smooth muscle in heart
Reflex arc
Nerve response
Voluntary nerve responses
involve the brain;
receptor -> sensory neuron -> message to brain -> motor neurons stimulated -> cause and effect
Protein
What enzyme breaks down proteins
Chyme
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
Alveoli
Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system.
Mercury
Closest planet to the sun
craters and rocks
hydrogen, helium, sodium
Venus
slow rotation
retrograde rotation
cloud cover
carbon dioxide with sulfur acid dropets
Earth
Water planet,
gravity
oxygen, nitrogen
Mars
Craters, active volcanoes, ridges
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, water vapor
Jupiter
Largest planet
16 satellites
hydrogen, helium methane, and ammonia
magnetic field
Saturn
Rings of ice, rock and dust particles
hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia
20+ satellites
Uranus
Retrograde revolution
gaseous planet
ted dark rings and 15 satellites
hydrogen, helium, and methane
Neptune
Gaseous planet
hydrogen, helium, methane
three rings and two satellites
Pluto
dwarf planet
methane, ammonia, frozen water
one satellite
revolves around sun once every 250 years
Asteroids
Rocky fragments that are possibly the remains of the birth of a solar system that never formed into a planet
Comets
Masses of frozen gases, cosmic dust, and small rocky particles
Meteoroids
Composed of particles of rock and metal. Friction causes its surface to heat and burn when traveling through Earth's atmosphere =meteor
Meteorites
Meteors that strike the Earth's surface
Tides
Cyclic rise and fall of large bodies of water
Hydrosphere
All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
Atmosphere
A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon.
Lithosphere
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
Nitrogen
78.09% in atmosphere
Oxygen
20.95% in atmosphere
Argon
0.93 in atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide
.03% in atmosphere
Four main layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
Troposphere
0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases)
Stratosphere
The second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere.
Wind Belt
Bands of wind caused by the uneven heating of the Earth.
Trade Wind
the more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over the Earth's surface, as part of Hadley cells.
Prevailing Westerlies
the constant flow of air from west to east in the temperate zones of the earth
Prevailing Easterlies
trade winds; blow from the east toward the equator
Sea Breeze
Caused by the unequal heating of the land and an adjacent, large body of water
Dew Point
The temperature at which condensation begins
Monsoon
A seasonal wind.
Relative Humidity
The amount of water vapor in the air at any given time is usually less than that required to saturate the air. Expressed as a percentage.