Appeal to pathos
appeal to emotion
begging the question
the situation that results when a writer or speakre constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept
causal relationship (cause and effect relationship)
the relationship expressing "if x is the cause, then y is the effect" or "if y is the effect, then x caused it
colloquialism
a word or expression acceptable in informal usuage but inappropriate in formal discourse
conclusion
the final paragraph or paragraphs that sum up an essay and bring it to a close
connotation
the implication of emotional overtones of a word rather than its literal meaning
emphasis
a rhetorical principle that requires stress to be given to important elements in an essay at the expense of less important elements
essay
from the French word essai, or attempt. the essay is a short pose discussion of a single topic
euphemism
from the Greek word for "good speech". they are more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept
example
an instance that is representative of an idea or claim or that otherwise illustrates it
generalization
a statement that asserts some broad truth based upon a knowledge of specific cases
logical fallacy
errors in reasoning used by speakers or writers, sometimes in order to dupe their audiences
objective and subjective writing
two different attitudes toward description. Objective- present material fairly and without bias
Subjective- Personal responses and interpretations
Red herring
a side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument
sarcasm
from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh" with bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something
satire
often attack on a person. Also use the wit and humor in order to ridicule society's weaknesses so to correct them
subordination
expressing in a dependent clause, phrase, or single word any idea that is not significant enough to be expressed in a main clause or an independent sentence
tone
in every writing, tone is the reflection of the writer's attitude toward subject and audience
understatement
a way of deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to stress its magnitude
voice
the presence or the sound of self, chosen by the author
abstract
words or phrases denoting ideas, qualities, and conditions that exist but cannot be seen
ad populem argument
a fallacious argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of a group rather than its reason
allegory
to device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning
anaphora
the repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
aphorism
a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle
apostrophe
a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love
attitude
a writer's intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing
audience
the group of whom a work is intended
claim
the ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point, backed up by support, of an argument
cliche
a stale image or expression, and the bane of good expository writing