Inferential statistics are used to:
A) describe the basic properties of a variable.
B) describe the score of one participant on every variable tested.
C) draw conclusions about a population by examining the data from a sample.
D) calculate the mean and st
C) draw conclusions about a population by examining the data from a sample.
The four analytical steps include all but:
A) the statistical test is applied to determine whether differences or relationships exist.
B) determining if the difference or relationship found is the relationship or difference predicted.
C) determining the s
D) determining if respondents answered the questions as the researcher expected
The chi-square:
A) compares the observed frequency with the expected frequency.
B) is computed on continuous level data.
C) always tests for differences between two categories.
D) tests for the relationship between two continuous level variables.
E) can t
A) compares the observed frequency with the expected frequency.
A contingency analysis is also called:
A) two-way chi-square.
B) two-dimensional chi-square.
C) contingency table.
D) all of the above.
D) all of the above.
The t-test is:
A) restricted to one independent variable.
B) restricted to one dependent variable.
C) restricted to two groupings or categories of the independent variable.
D) can test independent or dependent groups.
E) all of the above.
E) all of the above.
A paired comparison t-test:
A) compares scores from two independent samples.
B) compares two matched scores on the independent variable.
C) looks for the relationship between two continuous-level variables.
D) looks for the relationship among three contin
B) compares two matched scores on the independent variable.
A one-tailed t-test tests for:
A) a significant difference in either direction
B) a significant relationship in a specified direction.
C) a significant difference in a specified direction.
D) a significant relationship in either direction.
C) a significant difference in a specified direction.
When a researcher uses an ANOVA, you can assume that:
A) the independent and dependent variables are both nominal level data.
B) the independent and dependent variables are both continuous level data.
C) the independent variable is nominal level data and
C) the independent variable is nominal level data and the dependent variable is continuous level data.
ANOVA stands for:
A) analysis of variables.
B) analysis of variance.
C) administration of valuables.
D) analysis of a variety of variables.
B) analysis of variance.
To test for the interaction effect, the statistic must be:
A) one-dimensional chi-square
B) two-way chi-square.
C) two-tailed t-test
D) one-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
A linear relationship is one in which:
A) a one-unit change in one variable is associated with a constant change in the other variable.
B) a one-unit change in one variable is associated with a constant change in the same direction in the other variable.
A) a one-unit change in one variable is associated with a constant change in the other variable.
A test of relationship examines patterns in the data to determine if:
A) the null hypothesis is true and the alternative hypothesis is not.
B) the alternative hypothesis is true and the null hypothesis is not.
C) both the null and alternative hypotheses a
B) the alternative hypothesis is true and the null hypothesis is not.
A correlation is the statistical test for:
A) testing the linear relationships among three continuous level variables.
B) determining degrees of freedom.
C) testing the linear relationship between two continuous level variables.
D) determining the signifi
C) testing the linear relationship between two continuous level variables.
r2 is used to determine:
A) if the relationship is significant.
B) if the relationship is positive.
C) the amount of variance two variables has in common.
D) if the relationship is negative.
E) the direction of the relationship.
C) the amount of variance two variables has in common.
A correlation coefficient must be interpreted both for its:
A) significance and direction.
B) significance and strength.
C) strength and direction.
D) ability to distinguish between relationships and differences.
C) strength and direction.
A correlation matrix:
A) displays how every variable is correlated with every other variable.
B) displays the shared variance between pairs of variables.
C) identifies all of the possible hypotheses in a research study.
D) determines which relationships a
A) displays how every variable is correlated with every other variable.
Regression is superior to correlation because it:
A) is more flexible.
B) can predict some variables by knowing others.
C) can be used with more than two variables.
D) can test for the influence of more than one independent variable.
E) all of the above.
E) all of the above.
Multiple regression allows a researcher to test for a significant relationship between:
A) two categorical variables.
B) two continuous level variables.
C) a categorical independent variable and a continuous level dependent variable.
D) dependent variable
D) dependent variable and multiple independent variables separately and as a group.
For tests of relationship, the significance level is usually set at:
A) .10 as the criterion for making the decision to accept the research hypothesis.
B) .01 as the criterion for making the decision to accept the research hypothesis.
C) .05 as the criter
C) .05 as the criterion for making the decision to accept the research hypothesis.
A correlation coefficient can range from:
A) -10.00 to +10.00.
B) -.001 to +001.
C) -.010 to +.010.
D) -.50 to +.50.
E) -1.00 to +1.00.
E) -1.00 to +1.00.
Structural equation modeling:
A) allows researchers to test whether a theoretical model is statistically different from their collected data.
B) employs both endogenous and exogenous variables.
C) is used when communication researchers want to test for si
D) all of the above.
Qualitative research:
A) preserves the form and content of human interaction.
B) is not empirically based.
C) is interested in isolating one aspect of the communication phenomenon to study.
D) aims for objectivity.
A) preserves the form and content of human interaction.
In qualitative research, discourse is:
A) transformed to numerical equivalents.
B) the set of naturally occurring messages used as data.
C) subjected to statistical testing.
D) the statement written by the researcher about the people observed.
B) the set of naturally occurring messages used as data.
Inductive analysis:
A) is the same as deductive reasoning.
B) is achieved when researchers create distance between the research participants and themselves.
C) is the discovery and development of theory as they emerge from qualitative data.
D) moves from
C) is the discovery and development of theory as they emerge from qualitative data.
The model for qualitative research demonstrates that:
A) the research process is not linear.
B) cannot be planned in its entirety before entering the scene.
C) research questions guide the investigation.
D) interpretation and analysis can begin as soon as
E) All of the above.
Credibility is essential to qualitative research because:
A) multiple interpretations are likely in qualitative research.
B) researchers using qualitative methods want to prove that some reality exists.
C) qualitative research is objective.
D) researchers
E) a and d
Triangulation is used by qualitative researchers to:
A) find more data.
B) find three themes to answer each research question.
C) bring participants in to the interpretation process.
D) enhance credibility of their findings.
E) None of the above.
D) enhance credibility of their findings.
In qualitative research, research questions:
A) are quite similar to research questions for quantitative research.
B) provide the researcher with a focus.
C) give the researcher considerable latitude.
D) usually ask "how" or "what."
E) all except a.
E) all except a.
In qualitative research, data:
A) is restricted to what can be counted.
B) have few restrictions. Anything that can be observed or captured could count as data
C) must be at the microlevel of evidence.
D) includes the interpretation of the researcher.
B) have few restrictions. Anything that can be observed or captured could count as data
Threats to credibility in qualitative research exist when:
A) data are accurate and complete.
B) the interpretation is objective.
C) when data that fail to fit the explanation or interpretation are not addressed.
D) the researcher does not consider why so
C) when data that fail to fit the explanation or interpretation are not addressed.
Member checks, or member validations, are useful because:
A) they enhance credibility of data interpretation for participants.
B) they give participants a chance to comment on or even edit the preliminary research report.
C) participants' contributions ar
D) all of the above
In qualitative research, the researcher:
A) uses questionnaires and surveys to collect data from participants.
B) is more objective than subjective
C) is the primary data collector.
D) may use a research assistant so that he or she does not see or talk wi
C) is the primary data collector.
The researcher who does not engage interactants in any fashion is a:
A) complete participant.
B) participant-as-observer.
C) observer-as-participant.
D) complete observer.
E) key informant.
D) complete observer.
Due to the nature of the researcher's role in qualitative research, he or she needs to:
A) have a great deal of control over what happens.
B) be able to fit in with events, people and interaction with which he or she is unfamiliar.
C) develop trust and ra
E) all except a.
Sampling observations during qualitative research should take into consideration:
A) what is considered routine.
B) what is considered a special event.
C) what is considered an untoward event or emergency.
D) different time periods.
E) all of the above.
E) all of the above.
Maximum variation sampling is:
A) the number of individuals asked to participate in a qualitative research project.
B) based on informational redundancy; a researcher seeks participants until the data received are the same as previously collected data.
C)
B) based on informational redundancy; a researcher seeks participants until the data received are the same as previously collected data.
Gaining access to the interaction environment:
A) is always easy.
B) is always welcomed by the people you want to observe.
C) is sometimes accomplished through a gatekeeper or sponsor.
D) seldom requires planning.
E) seldom requires that the researcher mo
C) is sometimes accomplished through a gatekeeper or sponsor.
Qualitative methodologies are more subjective and initially less structured than quantitative methodologies. Thus, the:
A) researcher does not need to design the research process before collecting data.
B) initial research question may change as evidence
E) b and c.
Purposive sampling:
A) is often used when a researcher selects a person or site to be included in the study because the person/site is thought to be typical of the communication being investigated.
B) involves inclusion criteria.
C) is one form of snowbal
D) a and b
Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative data?
A) data are continuous rather than discrete
B) data exist on a continuum from public to private
C) data are anything that can be collected, recorded or captured
D) all of the above
E) b and c
D) all of the above
One way to address your impact as the researcher on the usefulness of your data is to:
A) get to know your participants on a personal level.
B) dress and act exactly like the participants in your study.
C) keep a separate journal of your research experien
C) keep a separate journal of your research experiences to reflect on your role as the researcher.
Analyzing qualitative data often:
A) waits until all data are collected.
B) begins after initial data collection.
C) takes a numeric form.
D) helps the researcher move from general to specific.
E) takes little time.
B) begins after initial data collection.
Analysis is the process of
A) selecting one best interpretation.
B) making sense of or giving meaning to patterns and themes.
C) labeling and breaking down raw data.
D) is best done before a research question is developed.
E) reviewing the most recent dat
C) labeling and breaking down raw data.
Techniques for helping the researcher analyze qualitative data include:
A) analytical memos.
B) diagramming the data.
C) using computers.
D) All of the above.
D) All of the above.
In coding and categorizing qualitative data, the researcher:
A) is trying to increase the data to a manageable size from which to make interpretations.
B) links statements together regardless of their similarity.
C) never relies on existing categories.
D)
D) often allows themes to emerge from the data.
In using grounded theory, a researcher would:
A) seek to find relationships among participants.
B) seek to find relationships between data and categories.
C) try to code all data in one pass.
D) ignores data that doesn't fit into categories.
E) All of the
B) seek to find relationships between data and categories.
Metaphor, dramatistic, and theoretical frames are used by researchers to:
A) create categories for grounded theory.
B) translate meaning into categories.
C) translate categories into meaning.
D) translate data into categories.
E) create meaning from raw d
C) translate categories into meaning.
Interpretation is:
A) synonymous with analysis.
B) not necessary in qualitative research.
C) the process of labeling and breaking down raw data.
D) making sense of or giving meaning to the patterns, themes, concepts and propositions found during data anal
D) making sense of or giving meaning to the patterns, themes, concepts and propositions found during data analysis
When data is theoretically saturated:
A) categories are still emerging.
B) the data may not fit into a specific category.
C) conducted from the role of the complete observer.
D) no new categories are emerging and the existing category structure appears st
D) no new categories are emerging and the existing category structure appears stable.
Open coding:
A) is used in later passes after axial coding has been used.
B) is restricted coding.
C) is unrestricted and is the first pass through coding.
D) should not be used in qualitative data analysis.
C) is unrestricted and is the first pass through coding.
A researcher can enhance his or her credibility by:
A) using triangulation methods.
B) engaging in member checks or member validations.
C) prolonging engagement with interactants.
D) all of the above.
D) all of the above.