Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Goodyear
Invented vulcanized rubber -> doesn't get bad in weather and durable
Howe and Singer
invented the sewing machine -> make products faster
Samuel Morse
invented the telegraph -> carry messages in code across copper wire
Fulton
Steamboats -> make transportation cheaper
Bridgewater
first canal
Railroads
replaced canals bc it was faster
Communication improvements
Telegraph- uses morse code
Transportation improvements
steamboats and railroads faster and cheaper way of transportation
southern agriculture
looked down on industrialization. Communication and transportation severely lagged
Cash crops
tobacco, cotton, rice
Northeast shipping and manufacturing
center of american commerce. NYC linked american agriculture and european markets
Midwest farming
fertile soil but not easy to farm
John Deere
steel plow
Cyrus McCormick
mechanical reaper
Manifest destiny
follow what god tells you
Why did people expand west?
They thought that was what god was telling them to do
Reasons for Manifest Destiny
economic issues - panic of 1837
abundance of "uninhabited" land
Black Hawk War
Us pressures natives to move west of the Mississippi river.
Chief Black hawk (Sauk)
organized rebellions that ranged from Illinois to Wisconsin territory- american gov ends rebellion and tribes move west
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Btwn US and Cheyanne, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow
Gave natives control of the great plains
allowed US to continue building roads and forts
Goal of the treaty of fort laramie
To maintain good faith and friendship in all their mutual intercourse and to make an effective and lasting peace
Sante Fe Trail
Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico;
Traveled in groups for protection
traded AU AG FUR
Oregon Trail
Goal: convert and educate native americans
independence MO to Portland OR
most walked trail
Dangerous trail
Mormons
used oregon trail
Joseph Smith
established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Territorial disputes
US and England argued over oregon territory
James K. Polk
runs for president 1844
platform: annexation of oregon territory
extended 49 latitude as border
American Colonization in the southwest
owned by mexico
began in 1820
Moses Austin
given a land grant by the spanish gov
Mexican Independence
tension btw Texans and Native Americans grew
catholic mission
aimed at conversion
built presidios near missions for protection
Trade
Tejanos goods supplied settlers in Santa Fe
as trade restrictions were loosened Indian attacks increased
Tejanos
mexicans in TX
texans
americans in TX
american settlement
way to strengthen border control and decrease indian attacks
Stephen Austin
given the empresario status
1200+ families moved to texas
cheap land for americans if they practiced catholicism and did not bring slaves
Texas attracts more americans
US wants to buy texas all offers rejected
Americans want to expand border to Rio Grande
Tensions btw American and Mexicans grew
language
religion
slavery (abolished by MX gov in 1824)
Austin appeals to Santa Anna
self government -> rejection
arrested and imprisoned for two years
Austin returns to Texas
encourages revolution against Santa Anna *catalyst for the Texas Revolution
The Alamo
187 texans take a stand at an old mission, San Antonio de Valero
Battle lasts 10 days
all men died
Goliad
texans POW taken to Fort Defiance after the Battle of Agua Dulce
Sam Houston
led texan army and defeated Santa Anna and his army in under 20 min
Treaty of Velasco
Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign it recognizing the Republic of Texas. Set Santa anna free
President of the Republic of Texas
Sam Houston, asks US to annex it -> refuses bc of slavery and war with Mexico. TX asks England and France but US agrees
Polk urges war
US and MX war is unavoidable issue: TX border
Rio Grande US
Nueces River MX
Polk offers MX
offers $40 million for california, NM, and recognition of Rio Grande as border. Slidell ignores so Polk sends Gen. Taylor to Rio grande and asks for declaration of War
Northerners
sees as a move to extended slavery
southerners
opportunity to extend slavery and expand power in congress
wilt Proviso
proposed amendment that would prohibit slavery in lands that might be gained from Mexico
Abraham Lincoln
questioned truthfulness of Polk's statement
Congress votes for war w Mexico
First US war on foreign territory
Action in California
plan: seize New Mexico and California
Skirmish in New Mexico set up by the governor
Colonel Stephen Kearney
marched from Ft. Leavenworth, KS to Santa Fe, NM
moves onto California
what was gained by the Action in California
New Mexico - without a single shot being fired
Mexicans = afraid! ran off!
Republic of California
American settlers in California declared their independence
organized under Fremont
Fremont joined by Kearny for an easy victory against Mexico
What was on the flag that was raised in California?
a grizzly bear
Santa Anna asks who for help?
Polk
What does Santa Anna offer in return for Polk's help?
will help US win war
will establish the Rio Grande as the Texan-Mexican border
will help secure the San Francisco Bay
What did Santa Anna ask from Polk?
get him safely back to Mexico
$30 million
what did Santa Anna do after he returned to Mexico?
took the presidency
organized an army against Taylor
attacked Taylor at Buena Vista
Who won at Buena Vista?
Taylor
war hero?
Who replaces Taylor? why?
General Winfield Scott
Why was Taylor replaced?
Polk feared Taylor's popularity would hurt him
Taylor was "too soft
Taylor might
become a war hero and a potential political rival
Who did Scott attack first?
Mexico at Veracruz
the battle at Veracruz
first amphibious assault
forced Santa Anna to retreat to Mexico City
Santa Anna surrenders after...
Mexico City was attacked
Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo
ratified by senate
US paid $15 million for Mexican cessions
US forgave all Mexican debts in Texas
after the treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo...
Mexico gave up New Mexico and California Territories
recognized the Rio Grande as the US - Mexico border
Election of 1848
D-Lewis Cass
F-S-- Martin Van Buren
W-Zachary Taylor (whig)
Free Soiler Party
D-Lewis Cass
shaky in issue of extension of slavery
F-S-- Martin Van Buren
supported by Democrats that were anti-slavery
W-Zachery Taylor (whig)
Remained vague on the issues
Free Soiler Party
maintain slavery where it is but do not let it expand to new territories
Who won the election of 1848
W-Zachary Taylor (Whig)
California Gold rush
gold is discovered at Sutter's mill
people went to Sacramento valley to an for gold
Gold rush impact
San Francisco becomes a major city
populated by adventure-seekers
why did San Francisco become a major city?
good harbors allowed for trade
after the gold rush,
California applied for statehood
gained in 1850