Gilded Age
Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization
Jim Crow laws
State laws in the South that legalized segregation.
Poll Tax, Literacy Test
Used to restrict African-American voting rights.
Grandfather Clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
case that ruled that states had the right to impose "separate but equal" facilities on its citizens as well as create other laws that segregated the races.
Monopoly/Trust
Complete control of an industry or the manufacturing of a product.
Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie Steel
a Scottish immigrant who joined a railroad company and popularized a cheap way to produce steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his
railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.
Horizontal and vertical integration
Gridlines
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities
Ellis Island
Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892
New Immigrants
immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern Europe
Nativism
An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
Political machines
A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.
Boss Tweed, Tammany Hall
an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.
Credit Mobilier scandal
1872 illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
Samuel Gompers & American Federation of Labor
(557-558) the union group that invited only skilled workers, advocated eight hour days, called for employer liability for work injuries, reached up to 1.6 million people in 1904
Homestead, Haymarket, and Pullman strikes
Union Strikes
Transcontinental railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Homestead Act
1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Sitting Bull
American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn
Little Big Horn
General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Wounded Knee
In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.
Populists
A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day
William Jennings Bryan
United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
Bimetallism ("Free Silver")
A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks
GREAT PLAINS
A vast grassland of central North America that is largely treeless and ascends to 4,000 feet above sea level.
Why did thousands of whites migrate to Colorado in the late 1850s?
there was a growth in business which provided job opportunities and the mild climate has contributed to retirement and tourism
What act of Congress, passed in 1887, was an attempt to "Americanize" Native Americans?What massacre brought the Indian wars to an end?
the Dawes Act and wounded knee
What product was delivered to market as a result of the "long drive?
The longhorns, which were sturdy and short-tempered breed accustomed to the dry grassland of southern Spain, were delivered to market as a result of the "long drive". The long drive lasted approximately three months and included about one cowboy for every
What invention helped lead to the end of the open range method of beef production?
The potter's wheel
What two railroad companies built the first transcontinental railroad?
Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad
When and where was the first transcontinental railroad completed?
Charlottesville, VA in 1855
EXODUSTERS:
6,000 blacks who left Mississippi and Louisiana in the spring of 1879, out of fear of white vengeance. They were participants in the exodus to the dry prairie, primarily into Kansas.
Why did many settlers in the Great Plains make their houses from sod?
wood was very scarce on the great plains
What was a bonanza farm?
Bananza farms were gigantic single-crop spreads of 15,000 to 50,000 acres. Bonanza farms were caused by the need for farmers to raise more crops in order to compensate for falling prices.
Why were farmers hurt by the government's withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation?
harder to pay off depts
The Populist Party was created to fight for the needs of which group of Americans?
farmers
Why did the Populists make "bi-metalism" an issue in the presidential election of 1896?
silver mined in the west to be coined into money. farm prices would drop increase money supply and make it easier for farmers to repay their debt.
Who made the "Cross of Gold" speech?
William Jennings Bryan
What three factors helped the United States become the world's leading industrial power by the 1920s?
A desire for new markets, military supremacy, and cultural superiority
What process was used to remove carbon from molten iron which produces steel?
the Bessemer process
In what city was the first steel frame skyscraper built?
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Who invented the incandescent light bulb and a system of reliably delivering electricity?
Thomas Edison
What was Alexander Graham Bell's contribution to mankind in the 1870s?
invented the telephone
What immigrant group was primarily responsible for the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad line?
Irish
What caused the creation of standard time zones in the USA (Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific)?
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The Credit Mobilier scandal involved the corrupt construction of what?
involved railroad construction kickbacks.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was created in 1887 in order to regulate:
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As a result of the Panic of 1893, how many Americans lost their jobs by 1895?
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Who are Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller?
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What is the difference between vertical and horizontal integration?
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LAISSEZ FAIRE:
Leadership style in which people are left almost entirely alone to do their job. A minimum amount of supervision is imposed on the assumption that individuals are self-motivation to perform.
MONOPOLY:
is a situation in which one seller controls the entire market for a product or service.
Who was the first leader of the American Federation of Labor?
Samuel Gompers.
In what way were the Haymarket Affair and the Homestead Strike similar?
both formed political alliances
What act of Congress, created to prevent the establishment of industrial trusts, was used by business owners to stop union activities such as strikes (claiming a strike interfered with interstate trade)?
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In the 1890s, what change began to occur in European immigration to the United States?
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Why did Congress restrict Chinese immigration in 1882?
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What is Ellis Island?
the place where immigrants were brought to in New York, an immigration center
NATIVISM:
the fear among U.S.- born Americans that new immigrants would cause crime, disrupt the government or not assimilate into the U.S. culture
In what regions of the United States did most urbanization occur during the late 19th century
The South and The West.
Between 1890 and 1910, how many African - Americans left the South for the north and west?
200,000
TENEMENTS:
small and crowded urban apartments housing new immigrants
Why did Jane Addams create Hull House in Chicago?
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Who was atop the "pyramid" of the political machine?
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Who became the head of Tammany Hall in 1868?
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PATRONAGE:
appointing loyal party members to government positions.
What act of Congress was the beginning of the end of patronage?
National Security Act of 1947