Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Inflation
increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money
Vietnamization" (1969)
Nixon's solution to train the south vietnamese to defend themselves, ect. It should take about 3 years. He says this is a great new plan because it will help the war. We had been losing because the South Vietnamese had been too dependent on the American t
Nixon Doctrine" (1969)
It stated that Asian nations facing communist subversion through border clashes or civil conflicts could count on American financial support, but not U.S. military aid.
Vietnam moratorium (1969)
American "doves" and antiwar protestor were not satisfied with "vietnamization" and preferred a prompt withdral. Antiwar protesters did a Vietnam moratorium in October 1969 where 100,000 people went into the Boston Common and 50,000 people went by the whi
My Lai massacre (1968)
An army unit led by Lieutenant William Calley massacred several hundred S. Vietnamese in My Lai Village. Mostly killed women and children. Became a symbol of the brutality and immorality of the war.
Cambodian invasion (1970)
The invasion is a year after the bombing. The U.S. sends soldiers into Cambodia to try to find where the North Vietnamese kept their weapons so we could give them to the South Vietnamese.
Kent State/Jackson State (1970)
Anti-war protests broke out at colleges and universities nationwide when the U.S. invaded Cambodia. There were four deaths at one and two at the other when police and national guardsmen met protesting students.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution repeal (1970)
The Senate repealed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution that was originally given to Johnson and it restrained spending in the war and it reduced the draft.
Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971)
lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
Daniel Ellsberg
a former american military analyst employed by the rand corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the pentagon papers, a top-secret pentagon study of government decision-making about the vietnam war, to the new
Pentagon Papers (1971)
A top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967 first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of the New York Times in 1971.
Henry Kissinger
The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).
China opening (1971)
Nixon went to China in Feburary 1972 and improved relations with the U.S. and China. Nixon then used this new relation with China in order to win trade with the Soviets.
Detente policy
1970s, thawing of East-West tensions, due to Soviet thinking that arms race was unsustainable, US financial issues, Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik
Antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty (1972)
A treaty that prohibited either the United States or the Soviet Union from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield, which would have undermined mutually assured destruction and the basis of deterrence.
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1972)
Nixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality
rather than the superiority that threatened the destruction of the world; further reduced tensions between
the two countries
Earl Warren
Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
is a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.
Miranda (1966)
Ruled that the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney.
Warren E. Berger (1969)
Chief Justice that replaced Earl Warren in 1969. The Burger Court was supposed to reverse the liberal rulings of the Warren court, but it produced the most controversial judicial decision in Roe v. Wade which legalized abortion
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
Federal funds for children in families that fall below state standards of need. In 1996, Congress abolished AFDC, the largest federal cash transfer program, and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
A program established in 1972 and controlled by the Social Security Administration that provides federally funded cash assistance to qualifying elderly and disabled poor.
Philadelphia plan (1969)
Program established by Richard Nixon to require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices. The plan altered Lyndon Johnson's concept of "affirmative action" to focus on groups rather than individuals. (1009)
Reverse discrimination
The assertion that affirmative action programs that require preferential treatment for minorities discriminate against those who have no minority status.
Environmental Protection Agency (1970)
established in 1970 to protect human health and our environment; monitoring and reducing air/water pollution, overseeing hazardous waste disposal and recycling.
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
the federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace
Rachel Carson/Silent Spring (1962)
showed DDT's risk to people, wildlife, and ecosystems, This best-seller generated social change in views and actions towards the environment
Clean Air and Endangered Species Acts (1970)
is one of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s. Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and
Nixon's "southern strategy
Nixon led comfortably in the polls thanks to the white, suburban voters of the "silent majority." He made a conscious decision not to do anything to try to earn the votes of African Americans for fear of turning off disgruntled whites. This allowed Democr
Sen. George McGovern (1972)
is a historian, author, and former U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee in the 1972 presidential election.
Opposed Nixon promised to end the war within 90 days, appealed to teens and women.,
Vietnam pullout (1973)
In 1973 the U.S. withdrew the 27,000 troops and would reclaim 560 prisoners of war and South Vietnam would receive limited amount of U.S. support. North Vietnam would have troops in South Vietnam and an election was used to determine the future government
CREEP
Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infa
Watergate break-in (June 1972)
Led by Liddy and Hunt of the White House plumbers, the Repub. undercover team received approval to wiretap telephones at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington. Early one morning, a janitor foiled t
White House "plumbers unit
ex-CIA members who worked for Nixon (remember: Watergate "burglars")
Sen. Sam Ervin
legal defender of Jim Crow Laws in Senate despite being Dem.
eventually became a hero for his support for civil liberties.
investigated and brought down McCarthy '54.
investigated watergate '74
John Dean III
He was a former white house lawyer that testified about the involvement of the top levels of the White House. He talked of the president, the Watergate cover-up and accused the president of violating justice. His claims were later supported by Nixon's tap
Spiro Agnew
nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of maryland. he was replaced by gerald r. ford.
Gerald Ford
President 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned (not so smart ex-football jock)
Archibald Cox
A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.
Saturday night massacre" (1973)
name given to an incident in which Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor who was relentlessly investigating Watergate; Richardson refused and resigned along with his deputy, who also refused to carr
Cambodian bombings (1973)
Secret bombing raids by North Cambodia to Cambodia occurred, despite government saying their neutrality was being respected.
Pol Pot
(1925-1998) Leader of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot is responsible for the deaths of almost 2 million of his own people due to starvation, execution, and beatings.
War Powers aCt (1973)
Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.
October War (1973)
It was a war between the Arabs and Israel. Its motive was for the Arabs to regain the territory lost to Israel in the Six-Day War. Kissinger went to Moscow to restrain the Soviets while Nixon placed America's nuclear forces on alert and gave the Israelis
Arab Oil Embargo (1974)
After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis.
Energy crisis
when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to a
Alaska pipeline
Built in 1975 along the pipeline to Valdez, it was an above-ground pipe 4 feet in diameter used to pump oil from the vast oil fields of northern Alaska to the tanker station in Valdez Bay where the oil was put aboard ships for transport to refineries in t
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.
Articles of impeachment
It was passed by the House Judiciary Committee and its key vote came in July 1974 when Nixon was accused of obstruction of justice with Watergate. Other articles talked of Nixon's abuse as president and his contempt for congress.
Nixon resignation (August 8, 1974)
When Nixon resigned, 3 tapes were released with one of them containing orders for the Watergate Break in and he confessed to his Watergate involvement on television. These events ruined Nixon's creditability and he was able to keep his retirement benefits
Helsinki accords (1975)
signed by US and nations of western europe which recognized Soviet influence in eastern europe and protected the rights of all citizens of the signers including the soviet union.
Vietnam defeat (1975)
South Vietnam feel to communist North in 1975, American troops evacuated. End of US role in Vietnam.
Title IX (1972)
Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
The Court decided that a right to privacy under the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate inte
Phyllis Schlafly
1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s
Betty Freidan
wrote "The Feminine Mystique" credited with starting the second wave of woman's liberation movement, question domestic fulfillment, founded NOW
National Organization for Women (NOW)
called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
This Supreme Court decision responded in some ways to the backlash against integration via busing by stating that busing was only legal where schools were deliberately using racist tactics to segregate schools. It also said that the goal of Swann was not
Reverse discrimination
Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.
Bakke case (1978)
saw the Supreme Court barely rule that Allan Bakke had not been admitted into U.C. Davis because the university preferred minority races only and ordered the college to admit Bakke.
United States v. Wheeler (1978)
In this case the Court declared that indian tribes had a "unique and limited" sovereignty which could be regulated by Congress, but not individual states.
Camp David accords (1978)
Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state
Jimmy Carter (1976)
(born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977-1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he beca
Department of Energy
the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States
Human rights
the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings, rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions
Camp David accords (1978)
Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state
Return of Panama Canal
Carter proposed two treaties that would give ownership and control of the Panama Canal back to Panamanians by the year 2000. The return of the Panama Canal was one of Carter's accomplishments in foreign policy.
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi
a Shah that was placed in Iran by the CIA in 1953 and he planned to westernize and secularize Iran. He was overthrown in January 1979 by Muslim Fundamentalists. When he was overthrown Iran was left in chaos and Iranian oil production was stopped which led
Brezhnev and Salt II negotiations (1979)
Carter and Brezhev met in Vienna to sign the SALT agreements which were meant limit the number of lethal strategic weapons in both U.S. and Russia. U.S. conservatives were against the agreement and suspicious against Russia. The conservative stance was st
Iranian hostage crisis (1979-1980)
On November 4, 1979 anti-American Muslim militants went to the United States' embassy in Teheran and took everyone inside hostage. Their demand was to restore the exiled shah who went to the U.S. for medical treatment.
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
important Shia ayatollah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989
Afghanistan invasion and Olympic boycott (1980)
The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott of the Moscow Olympics was a part of a package of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet war in Afghanistan.[1] It preceded the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott carried out by the Soviet Union and other C