Martin Luther King, Jr
-civil rights leader
-previous Baptist minister
-advocated non-violence and civil disobedience as tools for change
-organized protests such as the March on Washington and indirectly inspired sit-ins and protests across the nation
Elijah Muhammad
-Nation of Islam leader
-mentor of Malcom X
-connected to lots of scandals
Stokely Carmichael
-African-American civil rights activist
-leader of SNCC
-did a lot of work with MLK but later changed his attitude
-urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power
-"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created
Malcom X
-black nationalism
-minister in Nation of Islam
-X represents loss of identity due to slavery
-encouraged violent responses to discrimination
-vastly disagreed with MLK's tactics
-softened his original views that all whites were evil, and began advocating
Bobby Seale
-African-American political activist
-founder (with Huey Newton) of the Black Panthers
-preached a doctrine of militant black empowerment
Huey Newton
-co-founder of Black Panthers
Jackie Robinson
-credited with breaking color barrier in MLB in 1947
James Merideth
-first black student admitted to Ole Miss
-armed guards with him at all times
-JFK ordered troops to
Marcus Garvey
-influential leader, inspiring Muhammad, X and Carmichael
Thurgood Marshall
-NAACP lawyer for Brown v BOE
-first African American on Supreme Court
Dwight D Eisenhower
-not a fan of integration, but followed Supreme Court rulings
-didn't accept AK's challenge of federal authority
Harry Truman
-supported Civil Rights
-overturned Plessy v Ferguson
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
14th Amendment
-granted citizenship to all born in the US (aimed at African Americans, overturned Dred Scott)
-equal protection of the laws
15th Amendment
citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
24th Amendment
abolished poll taxes
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-LBJ
-outlawed discrimination in employment
-equal access to accommodations and schools
-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
***Civil Rights Act of 1965
-LBJ
-after Selma March
-outlawed discriminatory voting practices
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-LBJ
-law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage
-hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-LBJ
-Fair Housing Act
-prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex
Freedom Summer
-June 1964
-attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi
-organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of SNCC, NAACP, CORE and SCLC
Selma March
-organized by MLK
-major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote
-Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators
-LBJ passed the Civil Rights Act of 1965
March on Washington DC
-August 1963
-intended to put pressure on federal government to pass civil rights legislature
-LBJ passed civil rights bill as result
-MLK delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech
***Birmingham Riots
-Birmingham Protest (1962) - "Children's Crusade"
-bombings targeting black leaders of the Birmingham campaign
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Rosa Parks and MLK became leaders of the CRM
-lasted about 1 year
-successful
Plessy v Ferguson
-1896 Supreme Court decision
-legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
-"separate but equal
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, KS
-1954 Supreme Court decision
-overruled Plessy v. Ferguson
-declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools to be desegregated
SNCC
-Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-promoted and used non-violent means to protest racial discrimination
-primarily responsible for the sit-in movement
SCLC
-Southern Christian Leadership Conference
-churches linked together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement
-led by MLK
-was a success
CORE
-Congress of Racial Equality
-first civil rights organization to use non-violent tactics to promote racial equality and desegregation
NAACP
-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-aimed to abolish segregation and discrimination, oppose racism and gain civil rights for African Americans
-worked through the courts
-got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitut
Black Panthers
-black political organization
-against peaceful protest and for violence if needed
-marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest
Nation of Islam
...
beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
-the Reconstruction would be the starting stage
-takes its footing after WWII
-many other minorities followed and piggybacked on it
-women (esp. feminists) followed Black Panthers
What new protections did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 offer?
-prohibited discrimination in public facilities
-prohibited discrimination in government and employment
-invalidated Jim Crow laws
What groups were covered by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
-African Americans
-women
What types of voting restrictions might have been outlawed by the Voting Rights Act?
-literacy tests
-grandfather clause
What would the federal government do in cases in which the states continued to discriminate after the Voting Rights Act was passed?
the federal government has power to take over the running of elections in such states
Why were the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 necessary despite the previous existence of the 14th and 15th amendments?
the amendments still were not specific enough to ensure minorities the right to vote
Malcolm X, an African American civil rights leader who embraced confrontational tactics against white resistance to desegregation and civil rights, was affiliated with which group?
the Black Muslims
In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled against segregated schools on the grounds that...
they denied black children "equal protection of the laws
Which of the following statements characterizes President Eisenhower's view of segregation and civil rights in the 1950s?
a) Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.
b) Eisenhower
a) Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.
Which event was an outcome of Rosa Parks's 1955 arrest?
the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Who pioneered the sit-in method of civil rights protest that began in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960?
black college students
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed...
discrimination in many areas of American society
Which of the following statements describes the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
a) The law was broad and comprehensive but lacked effective enforcement provisions.
b) The law was so effective that Congress allowed it to lapse in 1978.
c) It allowed literacy te
d) It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South.
Malcolm X and the Black Muslims pursued a philosophy that differed dramatically from that of...
Martin Luther King Jr