Chapter 20 - The New frontier and the Great society

Political rivals in 1960 election

Democratic nominee from Massachusetes: John F. Kennedy
Republican nominee, former VP :Richard E. Nixon

Kennedy's success in the debate launched a new era in American politics..

the television age

John F. Kennedy

35th President
- 1st televised debate
- handsome, charismatic, organized and public icon
- backed civil rights issue
- 43 (very young)(

Kennedy surrounded himself with a team of advisors called

the best and the brightest

flexible response

military strategy which resulted in increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces- nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, and artillery and to crate an elite branch of the army called the special forces, or green berets.
- en

Fidel Castro

openly declared himself a communist of Cuba and welcomed aid from the USSR

Bay of Pigs Invasion

- march 1960 - President Eisenhower gave CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba
- CIA hoped it would trigger an uprising and overthrow Castro
- Kennedy had doubts but approved it
- april 17, 1961, some 1,300 to 1,500 cuban e

Cuban Missile Crisis

-october 1962
- american plans reveal soviet missile bases in cuba some containing missiles ready to launch
- october 22, Kennedy informs public
- Thwe world faced the terrifying possibility of nuclear war
- Soviet Ships headed toward cuba while the US na

berlin wall

a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that severed the city in two
- ended berlin crisis

Hot line

direct phone line between White House and Kremlin

Limited Test ban Treaty

barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere

New Frontier

Kennedy's vision of progress
- offered Congress proposals to provide medical care for the aged, rebuild blighted urban areas and aid education

Kennedy's effort to stimulate economy

- Kennedy pushed for defecit spending

Peace Corps

a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America

Alliance for Progress

offered economic and technical assistance to Latin american countries

First man in space in 1961

Soviet cosmonaut, Yuri A. Gagarin

November 22, 1963

assassination of JFK

Warren Commision

investigated and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.
Later, in 1979, they concluded that Oswald was a part of a conspiracy

Lyndon Baines Johnson

LBJ, Vice president of JFK who became President after Kennedy's assassination
- grew up in Blacno County, Texas
- was in house of representatives
- mentored by FDR
- won a seat in senate
- proved himself a master of party politics and behind the scenes ma

Economic opportunity act

program created by LBJ to fight war against poverty
- approved nearly $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans and job training.
Created: Job Crops Youth training program, VISTA (volunteers in service to america)
Project h

1965 election nominees

conservative repbulican senator, Barry Goldwater of Arizona and LBJ

1964 election

LBJ won by landslide, democrats increased majority in Congress.

Great Society

Johnson's vision of America

LBJ and Education

- introduced flurry of bills to Congress,
- considered education key which can unlock door to great society
- Elementary and Secondary education act of 1965 provided more than $1 billion in federal aid to help public and parachial schools purchase textboo

Medicare

proved hopsital insurance and low cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older

Medicaid

extended health insurance to welfare recipients

Immigration act of 1965

opened the door for many non- europeon immigrants to settle in the US by ending quotas based on nationality.

Brown vs. Board of Education

ruled school segregation unconstitutional

Warren Court

banned state- sanctioned prayer in public schools and delcared state required loyalty oaths unconstituational.

reapportionment

the way in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them.

baker vs. Carr (1962)

court asserted that federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion - or redivide their districts for more equal representation.

Reynolds vs. sims

extended the principle of "one person, one vote" to state legislature districts

Mapp v Ohio

court ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts

Gideon vs Wainwright

the justices requried criminal courts to provide free legal counsel to those who could not afford it.

Escobedo vs. Illinois

justices ruled that an accused person has aright to have a lawyer presend during police questioning.

Miranda vs Arizona

ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning.

1964 tax cut

spurs economic growth; lowers federal defecit

1964 civil rights act

prohibits discrimination, allows enforcement