Herbert Hoover
US president blamed for Depression; did "Too Little, Too Late
speculation
making high risk investments in the stock market in hopes of getting rich quick
buying on margin
practice that contributed to inflated stock prices in the 1920s; required only 10% downpayment to purchase stock
Black Thursday
October 24, 1929; on this day J.P. Morgan's quick buying prevented a stock market crash
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; Stock Market Crash
stock
share of a company
Hoovervilles
this is the name for shanty towns that sprung up around major cities during the Great Depression
Dust Bowl
period of widespread drought and dust storms in the plains states during 1930s
Okies
name given to migrants fleeing the Dust Bowl
Dorothea Lange
WPA photographer most known for her photographs of migrant workers
Migrant Mother
famous Dust Bowl image of mother and children taken by Dorothea Lange
21st Amendment
repealed prohibition
Bonus Army
group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington DC in 1932 to demand early pensions
Election of 1932
Hoover vs. FDR; two competing ideologies - laissez faire vs. government intervention
New Deal
the name given to FDR's massive plan for relief, recovery, and reform
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
popular American president most remembered for the New Deal
Nothing to fear but fear itself
famous phrase from FDR's first inaugural address in 1933
Eleanor Roosevelt
she was FDR's "legs" and a strong advocate for the New Deal
Hundred Days
this early period in FDR's first term as President is notable because of how many programs and laws were created
bank holiday
temporary bank closures that allowed for federal inspection of financial institutions
3 R's of the New Deal
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
Relief
New Deal programs that provided direct and indirect aid to individuals and families
Recovery
New Deal programs designed to speed economic recovery
Reform
measures designed to regulate operation of banks and the stock market to prevent another crash
fireside chats
talks given by FDR to explain government policies in a reassuring, informative fashion
deficit spending
government spending in excess of tax revenues; done in 1930s to stimulate the economy
Priming the Pump
another phrase for deficit spending
FDIC
government program that insures bank deposits in case of a bank failure
CCC
job creation program that employed young men in environmental projects
NRA
New Deal program that attempted to set prices and wages in key industries; declared unconstitutional
AAA
New Deal program that attempted to boost farm prices by paying some farmers not to plant
TVA
New Deal program that led to creation of hydroelectric dams on Tennessee River
Second New Deal
renewed burst of legislative activity 1935-36
WPA
program of Second New Deal that employed artists and construction workers
Wagner Act
law recognizing rights of unions to organize
Social Security System
program created during Second New Deal; provides old-age and disability pensions & unemployment insurance
American Liberty League
organization that opposed the New Deal on the grounds that it limited American freedoms
court packing
attempt by FDR to increase the size of the Supreme Court so judges favorable to his policies would be appointed
Father Charles Coughlin
the "radio priest" who criticized FDR
Huey Long
Governor and senator from Louisana who promoted a "Share Our Wealth" program