war industries board

War industries bond

At the center of the effort to rationalize the economy was the war industries bond. (WIB) an agency created in July 1917 to coordinate government purchase of military supplies. Casually organized at first, it stumbled badly until March 1918 when wilson re

Ludo Massacre

Joined by strikebreakers and others the militia attacked the workers tent colony. And in the battle that followed 39 people died among them eleven children. But these events which became known as the ludo massacre were only precursors to continued conflic

women's bureau

Emerged after the war in the Department of Labor to protect women in the workplace.

Espionage Act 1917

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote t

Sedation Act of 1918

Most repressive were two measures of 1918: the sabotage act of april 20 and the sedition act of april 20 and May 16. These bills expanded the meaning of the espionage act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war in practice, it allow

Industrial workers of the world

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several

IWW

revolutionary industrial union organized in Chicago in 1905 by delegates from the Western Federation of Mine; unionized the non-unionized

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Vigilante Groups

groups that took the law into their own hands, ex. klu klux klan

14 points

Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to de

national self-determination

Wilson's idea that nations should govern themselves rather than be governed

the big four

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versallies to discuss peace

mandate system

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.

sen. Henry Cabot Lodge

Wanted the US to stay neutral in fear of the US being dragged into further conflicts, chairman of the Senate Commitee on Foreign Relations, not chosen to come to Paris (Republican)

Postwar race riots

Racial tension after WWI due to blacks being more determined to gain equality and the troubling economy. One Chicago race riot exploded after a black teenager was stoned for swimming too close to a white beach. The entire city was in chaos. These didn't j

The red scare

A period of time in American History when the government went after "Reds" (communists) and others with radical views

Sacco and Vanzetti

were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

open door policy

a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

platt amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

19th amendment

gave women the right to vote

Panamanian revolt

1903, US supported the revolt in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal. US supported Panamanian independence.

moral diplomacy

foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

triple entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

neutrality

the state of not taking sides, especially in a war or dispute

pacifists

people who refuse to fight in any war because they believe war is evil

election of 1916

Wilson was anti-war Hughes was pro-war. Wilson won by a little more than 3 percent vote.

Zimmerman telegraph

a telegram from Germany to Mexico telling them to invade the U.S. promising land and recources. Britian intercepted it.

american expeditionary force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

African american soldiers

served in segregated army units; used for service and construction tasks; denied chance to be officers

trench warfare

war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas

chemical weapons

weapons with chemical agents designed to attack bodies nervous system, blood, skin, or lungs. EX. WWI Mustard Gas, chlorine gas

war boards

supervised the nation's industrial production

national labor relations board

an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions, also known as wager act

NLRB

National Labor Relations Board

great migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

commitee on public information

sold war bonds spread pro war propaganda and spread anti german stories during world war II...thier goal was to convince Americans that the war was a battle for democracy and freedom

CPI

commitee on public information

sabotage act of 1918

most repressive of the acts, expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression to opposition to the war, prosecute anyone who criticizes president or government.

socialist party

a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

american protective league

an American World War I-era private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, as well as against radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.

100 percent Americanism

immigrants were being repressed and abused, especially german-american immigrants after the war

league of nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

paris peace conference

The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made

reparations

payments for the losses suffered during a war

treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

postwar recession

economic bubble burst
gnp declined
people lost jobs
gains made by labor unions were vulnerable to be lost
unprecedented wave of strikers

marcus garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

palmer raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Welfare capitalism

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company

A. Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

Parity

equality, as in amount, status or value

mass-circulation magazines

a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, typically covering a particular subject or area of interest

National Broadcasting company

This subsidiary of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was the first to established a linking system between station to become a network in 1926, creating national broadcasts possible

NBC

national broadcasting company

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

Birth control

Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions

Dance Halls

a form of mass leisure, primarily intended for young adults

league of women voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

sheppard-towner act

U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children

charles lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

pink collar jobs

working class jobs traditionallly held by women (clerical, secretary, maid, waitress, cook, beautician)

open shops

doesn't require union membership

mass consumption

Caused by an increase in purchasing power, this allowed for customers to spend more money on goods.

motion picture association

better known as the Hays Office (after its first president Will H. Hays), to control the content of films.

compassionate marriages

marriages where both the wife and husband discussed pregnancy issues, and concluded that abortion was the best course of action.

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though har

Jitterbugger

a popular form of dance

National Woman's Party

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

Youth culture

the belief that young people have values, interests, and activities distinct from those of other age groups

The Lost Generation

a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, a

H.L. Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Charles and Mary Beard

Famous historians from the 20th century - wrote that the founding fathers were driven by economic issues rather than political philosophies

Langston Hughes

This man was well known for making the Harlem Renaissance famous because of his poems.

Prohibition

a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Nativism

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

National Origins Act of 1924

in 1924 and 1929, congress imposed even more restrictions on immigrants. in addition, the US completely prohibited immigration from Asia.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Election of 1924

between Calvin Coolidge, John W. Davis, Robert M. La Follette. Calvin Coolidge won

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Calvin Coolidge

elected Vice President and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)

Harlem Renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Alain Locke

Claimed the "New Negro" needed black artists to help African Americans throw off subjugation and discover the race's true identity

Al Capone

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

The Birth of a Nation

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans.

Scopes Trail

The trail where 24 year old John Scopes was convicted of teaching the theory of evolution in the classroom. In this case the defence attorney Clarence Darrow put up to the questioning stand William Jennings Bryan the prosecution attorney as an "expert on

Election of 1928

Al Smith (Dem) vs. Herbert Hoover (Rep), Hoover wins

Teapot Dome Scandal

a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to

The Bonus March

1932; involved WWI veterans who demanded financial aid from the government in the form of bonuses that were promised for 1946. Some built shacks near Washington DC until troops led by future war heroes, Eisenhower, Patton and McArthur drove them out with

Herbert Hoover's presidency

Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

to help revive the United States' agricultural industry and to recharge the depressed economy.

Spanish Civil War

civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government

Breadlines

Many men had to stand in breadlines, similar to soup kitchens, in order to provide food to their family.

Global Depression

world wide recession which was far worse in defeated powers

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Scottsboro Case

Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town near Scottsboro, Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the wo

Japanese American Citizen League

pushed for: Compensation: 1965 Congress authorized $38 billion for property lost, 1/10 of actual loss; Reparations: 1978 Congress passed a bill that promised $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to an internment camp

Soap Operas

shows that were nicknamed this because they were often sponsored by makers of laundry soaps

Marx Brothers

a family of United States comedians consisting of four brothers with an anarchic sense of humor

Walt Disney

United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck

The Popular Front

A coalition lead by the American Communist Party; supported Fraklin Roosevelt and The New Deal; mobilized intellectuals towards social critisism.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Reparations

payment for damages after a war

American Communist Party

Harsh and unrelenting critic of American capitalism and the government that ran it. Close with Soviet Union Soften attitude towards Roosevelt praise new deal and John Lewis. High membership mobilizes writers, artists and intellectuals social criticism. Cl

Life Magazine

A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936. Time founder Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936 solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name

Frank Capra

director that celebrated simple values and criticized the wealthy and politicians in films like Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

Orson Wells

war of the worlds broadcast

Dale Carnegie

United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955)

(NAACP)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Shantytowns

communities of homeless people who live on the outskirts of towns.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

(NAACP); Founded by W.E.B Du Bois in 1910 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks

Fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Indian Reorganization Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could

Broker state

role of the government to work out conflicts among competing interests groups

Court-packing plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Election of 1936

1) Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred E. Landon 2) Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont

Unemployment insurance

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

United Auto Workers

Out of several competing auto unions, this one was gradually emerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an e

21st Amendment

repeal of prohibition

Industrial unions

labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining

Second New Deal

Jan 1935-Sept1935- Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, stricker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy.

Recession of 1937

A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more worker

Black Cabinet

group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Civilian Conservation Crops

put 2.5 million young men to work restoring and maintaing forests beaches and parks

American Liberty League

a conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

Roman Catholic 'radio priest' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, he promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made a Hacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism

Civilian Conservation Crops

put 2.5 million young men to work restoring and maintaing forests beaches and parks

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6

Commission

a special assignment that is given to a person or group

Farm Management Administration

...

Civil Works Administration

November 9, 1933- Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge of the organization. The CWA created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $1 Billion and was cancelled. So much w

Dr. Francis E Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a com

National Labor Relations Board

an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions

Securities and Exchange

independent agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Minimum wage

the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay

National Industrial Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Works Progress Administration

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large

Party realignment

the displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period

Government "dole

...

Corporation

slang terms for a paunch, a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state

Federal Deposit Insurance

a federal government guarantee of certain types of bank deposits for account balances of up to $100,000.

Public Work Administration

built ports, schools, and aircraftcarriers

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and ma

Agricultural Subsidies

financial assistance to farmers through government-sponsored price-support programs.

Emergency Banking Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Congress of Industrial

The Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

Organizations

an administrative and functional structure

Sit-down strike

Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.