War industries bond
At the center of the effort to rationalize the economy was the war industries bond. (WIB) an agency created in July 1917 to coordinate government purchase of military supplies. Casually organized at first, it stumbled badly until March 1918 when wilson re
Ludo Massacre
Joined by strikebreakers and others the militia attacked the workers tent colony. And in the battle that followed 39 people died among them eleven children. But these events which became known as the ludo massacre were only precursors to continued conflic
women's bureau
Emerged after the war in the Department of Labor to protect women in the workplace.
Espionage Act 1917
United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote t
Sedation Act of 1918
Most repressive were two measures of 1918: the sabotage act of april 20 and the sedition act of april 20 and May 16. These bills expanded the meaning of the espionage act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war in practice, it allow
Industrial workers of the world
Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several
IWW
revolutionary industrial union organized in Chicago in 1905 by delegates from the Western Federation of Mine; unionized the non-unionized
Billy Sunday
American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.
Vigilante Groups
groups that took the law into their own hands, ex. klu klux klan
14 points
Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to de
national self-determination
Wilson's idea that nations should govern themselves rather than be governed
the big four
Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versallies to discuss peace
mandate system
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.
sen. Henry Cabot Lodge
Wanted the US to stay neutral in fear of the US being dragged into further conflicts, chairman of the Senate Commitee on Foreign Relations, not chosen to come to Paris (Republican)
Postwar race riots
Racial tension after WWI due to blacks being more determined to gain equality and the troubling economy. One Chicago race riot exploded after a black teenager was stoned for swimming too close to a white beach. The entire city was in chaos. These didn't j
The red scare
A period of time in American History when the government went after "Reds" (communists) and others with radical views
Sacco and Vanzetti
were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime
open door policy
a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
platt amendment
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote
Panamanian revolt
1903, US supported the revolt in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal. US supported Panamanian independence.
moral diplomacy
foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace
triple entente
An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.
neutrality
the state of not taking sides, especially in a war or dispute
pacifists
people who refuse to fight in any war because they believe war is evil
election of 1916
Wilson was anti-war Hughes was pro-war. Wilson won by a little more than 3 percent vote.
Zimmerman telegraph
a telegram from Germany to Mexico telling them to invade the U.S. promising land and recources. Britian intercepted it.
american expeditionary force
About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals
African american soldiers
served in segregated army units; used for service and construction tasks; denied chance to be officers
trench warfare
war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas
chemical weapons
weapons with chemical agents designed to attack bodies nervous system, blood, skin, or lungs. EX. WWI Mustard Gas, chlorine gas
war boards
supervised the nation's industrial production
national labor relations board
an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions, also known as wager act
NLRB
National Labor Relations Board
great migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
commitee on public information
sold war bonds spread pro war propaganda and spread anti german stories during world war II...thier goal was to convince Americans that the war was a battle for democracy and freedom
CPI
commitee on public information
sabotage act of 1918
most repressive of the acts, expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression to opposition to the war, prosecute anyone who criticizes president or government.
socialist party
a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism
Eugene Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
american protective league
an American World War I-era private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, as well as against radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.
100 percent Americanism
immigrants were being repressed and abused, especially german-american immigrants after the war
league of nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
paris peace conference
The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made
reparations
payments for the losses suffered during a war
treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
postwar recession
economic bubble burst
gnp declined
people lost jobs
gains made by labor unions were vulnerable to be lost
unprecedented wave of strikers
marcus garvey
Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business
palmer raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Welfare capitalism
when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company
A. Philip Randolph
Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.
Parity
equality, as in amount, status or value
mass-circulation magazines
a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, typically covering a particular subject or area of interest
National Broadcasting company
This subsidiary of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was the first to established a linking system between station to become a network in 1926, creating national broadcasts possible
NBC
national broadcasting company
Margaret Sanger
United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood
Birth control
Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions
Dance Halls
a form of mass leisure, primarily intended for young adults
league of women voters
League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws
sheppard-towner act
U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children
charles lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)
pink collar jobs
working class jobs traditionallly held by women (clerical, secretary, maid, waitress, cook, beautician)
open shops
doesn't require union membership
mass consumption
Caused by an increase in purchasing power, this allowed for customers to spend more money on goods.
motion picture association
better known as the Hays Office (after its first president Will H. Hays), to control the content of films.
compassionate marriages
marriages where both the wife and husband discussed pregnancy issues, and concluded that abortion was the best course of action.
Emma Goldman
An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.
Flappers
carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though har
Jitterbugger
a popular form of dance
National Woman's Party
A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.
Youth culture
the belief that young people have values, interests, and activities distinct from those of other age groups
The Lost Generation
a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, a
H.L. Mencken
young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans
F. Scott Fitzgerald
a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.
Charles and Mary Beard
Famous historians from the 20th century - wrote that the founding fathers were driven by economic issues rather than political philosophies
Langston Hughes
This man was well known for making the Harlem Renaissance famous because of his poems.
Prohibition
a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
Nativism
a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
National Origins Act of 1924
in 1924 and 1929, congress imposed even more restrictions on immigrants. in addition, the US completely prohibited immigration from Asia.
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Election of 1924
between Calvin Coolidge, John W. Davis, Robert M. La Follette. Calvin Coolidge won
Warren G. Harding
president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI
Calvin Coolidge
elected Vice President and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)
Sinclair Lewis
United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)
John Dewey
United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)
Harlem Renaissance
a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Alain Locke
Claimed the "New Negro" needed black artists to help African Americans throw off subjugation and discover the race's true identity
Al Capone
United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)
Ku Klux Klan
founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
The Birth of a Nation
A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans.
Scopes Trail
The trail where 24 year old John Scopes was convicted of teaching the theory of evolution in the classroom. In this case the defence attorney Clarence Darrow put up to the questioning stand William Jennings Bryan the prosecution attorney as an "expert on
Election of 1928
Al Smith (Dem) vs. Herbert Hoover (Rep), Hoover wins
Teapot Dome Scandal
a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to
The Bonus March
1932; involved WWI veterans who demanded financial aid from the government in the form of bonuses that were promised for 1946. Some built shacks near Washington DC until troops led by future war heroes, Eisenhower, Patton and McArthur drove them out with
Herbert Hoover's presidency
Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept
Southern Tenant Farmers Union
to help revive the United States' agricultural industry and to recharge the depressed economy.
Spanish Civil War
civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government
Breadlines
Many men had to stand in breadlines, similar to soup kitchens, in order to provide food to their family.
Global Depression
world wide recession which was far worse in defeated powers
Okies
the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma
Scottsboro Case
Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town near Scottsboro, Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the wo
Japanese American Citizen League
pushed for: Compensation: 1965 Congress authorized $38 billion for property lost, 1/10 of actual loss; Reparations: 1978 Congress passed a bill that promised $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to an internment camp
Soap Operas
shows that were nicknamed this because they were often sponsored by makers of laundry soaps
Marx Brothers
a family of United States comedians consisting of four brothers with an anarchic sense of humor
Walt Disney
United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck
The Popular Front
A coalition lead by the American Communist Party; supported Fraklin Roosevelt and The New Deal; mobilized intellectuals towards social critisism.
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
Reparations
payment for damages after a war
American Communist Party
Harsh and unrelenting critic of American capitalism and the government that ran it. Close with Soviet Union Soften attitude towards Roosevelt praise new deal and John Lewis. High membership mobilizes writers, artists and intellectuals social criticism. Cl
Life Magazine
A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936. Time founder Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936 solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name
Frank Capra
director that celebrated simple values and criticized the wealthy and politicians in films like Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Orson Wells
war of the worlds broadcast
Dale Carnegie
United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955)
(NAACP)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Shantytowns
communities of homeless people who live on the outskirts of towns.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP); Founded by W.E.B Du Bois in 1910 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks
Fireside chats
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
Indian Reorganization Act
Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could
Broker state
role of the government to work out conflicts among competing interests groups
Court-packing plan
President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges
Election of 1936
1) Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred E. Landon 2) Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont
Unemployment insurance
FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)
United Auto Workers
Out of several competing auto unions, this one was gradually emerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an e
21st Amendment
repeal of prohibition
Industrial unions
labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining
Second New Deal
Jan 1935-Sept1935- Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, stricker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy.
Recession of 1937
A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more worker
Black Cabinet
group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.
Civilian Conservation Crops
put 2.5 million young men to work restoring and maintaing forests beaches and parks
American Liberty League
a conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Roman Catholic 'radio priest' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, he promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made a Hacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism
Civilian Conservation Crops
put 2.5 million young men to work restoring and maintaing forests beaches and parks
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6
Commission
a special assignment that is given to a person or group
Farm Management Administration
...
Civil Works Administration
November 9, 1933- Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge of the organization. The CWA created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $1 Billion and was cancelled. So much w
Dr. Francis E Townsend
American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.
Huey Long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a com
National Labor Relations Board
an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions
Securities and Exchange
independent agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges
Tennessee Valley Authority
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Minimum wage
the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay
National Industrial Act
A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal
Social Security Act
guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
Works Progress Administration
May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large
Party realignment
the displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period
Government "dole
...
Corporation
slang terms for a paunch, a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state
Federal Deposit Insurance
a federal government guarantee of certain types of bank deposits for account balances of up to $100,000.
Public Work Administration
built ports, schools, and aircraftcarriers
National Recovery Administration
Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and ma
Agricultural Subsidies
financial assistance to farmers through government-sponsored price-support programs.
Emergency Banking Act
gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened
Congress of Industrial
The Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.
Organizations
an administrative and functional structure
Sit-down strike
Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.