The study of the structure of the human body (structure)
Anatomy
The study of how the human body functions (function)
Physiology
the body viewed from the anterior surface with palms facing forward
Anatomical position
the body lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly
Supine position
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
Homeostasis
the smallest structural and functional units of organisms
Cells
Ranges from the chemical level to the organism level
Organization
What is the order of organization?
Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Living things have the ability to detect and respond to to stimuli in their immediate environment
Responsiveness
Mechanisms to maintain a relatively stable internal environment as external conditions fluctuate
Regulation
Over time organisms increase in size and mature physically
Grow and Develop
Process by which organisms produce offspring
Reproduction
All the essential chemical processes that take place in living cells and organisms in order to maintain the living state of cells and organisms
Metabolism
decomposition of complex molecules within the body's cells and tissues
Catabolism
Building larger molecules from smaller ones with the use of energy
Anabolism
assembling smaller molecules into larger molecules
Synthesis
Oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivers it to the cardiovascular system
Respiration
Mechanical and chemical process that converts the nutrients in ingested food into simpler substances the body can use. the substances are used for the production and maintenance of cells and tissues or to generate energy
Digestion
the internal movement and distribution of oxygen, cellular wastes, and the products of digestion
Circulation
the process in which undigested food and the wastes of metabolism are eliminated
Excretion
Respiration, Digestion, Circulation, Excretion
The basic processes in humans (and other animals)
The examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy
The examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Microscopic Anatomy
The way something is arranged determines the way it functions. (elbow joint functions like a hinge therefore its function is limited to moving towards and away from your shoulder)
Relationship between structure and function
the smallest stable units of matter. can combine to form molecules with complex shapes.
Atoms
a particle made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. (H20, N2, NaCl)
Molecules
one small part of a cell that has a very specific function or job. (Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes)
Organelles
the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. provides structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions
Cells
Composed of similar cells (such as heart muscle cells or cardiac muscle cells) working together to perform one or more specific functions
Tissues
consists of two or more tissues working together to perform several functions. (heart muscle tissue and connective tissue working together to form the bulk of the wall of the heart)
Organs
A group of organs that work together to perform on or more functions (heart contracting and pushing blood into blood vessels)
Organ systems
all organ systems of an organism's body work together to maintain life and health
Organisms
their contractions in the walls of the stomach and intestines support the digestion and movement of ingested solids and liquids
Smooth muscle cells
RBC transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood stream. WBC fight off infection and combat disease
Blood cells
Reside within small cavities inside the mass of a bone. maintains bone and recycle the calcium and phosphate stored there
Bone cells
excess energy obtained from food is stored as fat
Fat cells
these cells absorb the nutrients, vitamins, minerals, an water we need
Cells lining the digestive tract
cells involved in sexual reproduction
Reproductive cells
process information. thought memory, consciousness, and muscle control are all based on the actions of, and interactions among, neurons
Nerve cells (Neurons)
the structural building blocks of all plants and animals.
produced by the division of pre-existing cells
the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
Cell theory
the study of tissues
Histology
forms a barrier with specific properties
covers and protects exposed surfaces
lines internal passageways and chambers
produces glandular secretions
Epithelial Tissue
fills internal space
provides structural support
stores energy
Connective Tissue
contracts to produce active movement.
Muscle tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
carries information
Nervous Tissue
The four tissue types combine to form organs
The interrelationships among the various types of tissues
protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature
Integumentary system
provides support
protects tissues
stores minerals
forms blood cells
Skeletal tissue
produces movement
provides support
generates heat
Muscular system
Responds to stimuli
coordinates activities of other organ systems
Nervous System
regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones)
Endocrine system
transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
removes waste products
Cardiovascular system
Defends against infection and disease
returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Lymphatic system
oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
Respiratory system
Processes foods
absorption of nutrients into body
Digestive system
elimination of wastes
regulates pH and volume of blood
Urinary system
Produces sex cells and hormones
supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth (female)
Reproductive system
1088, the University of Bologna in Italy is the first uni in Europe and one of the oldest in the world. most famous anatomist at Bologna was Mondino dei Liuzzi, wrote Anatomia
1222, a renaissance at the University of Padua, Andreas Vesalius was the most f
describe the history of anatomical terminology
internal organs that are partially or completely enclosed by body cavities
Visceral organs (Viscera)
the fluid-filled space between the outer and inner layers of the serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart and consists of an outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardium
pericardium
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity.
contains the organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular (heart, arteries, & veins), digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Body cavities of Trunk
Lungs, heart, and other structures
Thoracic cavity contains
Encloses the lungs (the middle cacity)
Pleural Cavity
Heart is embedded within. it's a mass of connective tissue that separates the two pleural cavities
Mediastinum
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Subdivisions of abdominopelvic cavity
enclosed by the abdominopelvic cavity. lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
kidneys and pancreas lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
organs such as the urinary bladder and the distal portions of the uterus and large intestines extend inferior to the peritoneal cavity
infraperitoneal
homeostasis is disturbed, a stimulus is sent receptors, then the control center which sends a command to the effectors to restore homeostasis
negative feedback
when you get a cut chemicals are released that begin the process of blood clotting. quickly trying to restore homeostasis, clotting is accelerated by the release of even more chemicals until the cut is patched
positive feedback