Sitting Bull
American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe. Encouraged people to follow Ghost Dance
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.
William "Boss" Tweed
Polical Machine Leader of NYC's Tammany Hall. Corrupt in spending tax dollars. Benefit voters for votes and politicians for graft/greed.
Helen Hunt Jackson
United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)
Jay Gould
United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.
Mark Twain
United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)
J.P. Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history
Thomas Nast
A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
Jacob Riis
a Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City, which was the subject of most of his
Jane Addams
1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.
William Jennings Bryan
An American orator and politician from Nebraska, and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party's nominee for President of the United States.
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
2nd Agricultural Revolution
period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Old Immigrants
immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe
New Immigrants
immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
Seward's Folly
many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.
When the US gave transportation and communication subsidies it led to new markets
True
Union Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH
Central Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH
Chinese Immigrants
Came to the U.S. from Angel Island in San Francisco and mainly worked on the Central Pacific railroads for unfair pay and conditions
Irish Immigrants
Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories or Union Pacific RR in harsh conditions for little pay
Credit Mobilier Scandal
This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholder
Chinatowns
Chinese ethnic enclaves. Strong disdain from nativists
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
True
Nativists believed that Chinese people were stealing jobs
bison decline
What was caused by expanding railroads, ranching, and mining?
Railroads
What do farmers and ranchers depend on to ship goods at a fair price
Granger Laws
Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional
Grangers
The Patrons of Husbandry or farmers organized against rail road abuses. Similar group to the Farmers Alliance.
Mann v. Illinois
Confirmed authority of state to regulate busines
Wabash v. Illinois
1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.
Interstate Commerce Act
Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
Coinage Act of 1873
required all currency in the US to be backed by GOLD; helped cause the Panic of 1873
Gold
What metal do Republicans support?
Silver
What metal do Democrats support?
Indian Appropriations Act
1851 - The U.S. government reorganized Indian land and moved the Indians onto reservations.
Nez Perce War
Conflict between the Nez Perce & the US gov't
Chief Joseph finally agrees to surrender & relocate to reservation
A Century of Dishonor
written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century
Assimilationists
Wanted to eradicate tribal life and assimilate Native Americans into white culture through education, land policy, and federal law.
Carlisle School
school for Native Americans in Pennsylvania that sought to assimilate them into American culture
Dawes Severalty Act
Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes
Oklahoma Land Rush
1889; former Indian lands;opened up for settlement, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)
Ghost Dance
a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead
Wounded Knee Massacre
In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed
Populists (People's Party)
a member or adherent of a political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people.
Omaha Platform
Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.
The Wizard of Oz
Which piece of American literature is speculated to promote populism?
Refrigerated Railcar
This helped people ship meats to different parts of the country.
Edwin Drake
American pioneer in oil industry; became first to drill for petroleum
George Pullman
American inventor of the Pullman sleeping car and founder of Pullman, Illinois
barbed wire
strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage
Alexander Bell
Invented the telephone
Railroad & telegraph
The Communication and Transportation Revolutions were best defined by these two key inventions, which allowed more rapid transit of people and goods across America, and helped foster the spread of market information and the growth of the stock market.
True
Most people labelled as communists were part of the socialist party
abuses of gilded age
14 hour days with one 30 minute brake, along with dangerous conditions
Monopoly
A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.
trust
A group of corporations run by a single board of directors
Cartel/pool
Unofficial trust and deals to set prices
Corporate Trust
Two companies work together, typically one gives discounts on product but keeps price the same for everyone else
corporate alliance
A group of companies that agree to operate as a single company while retaining separate ownership.
Vertcal Integration
Company buys other companies that sell products used to make their product
Horizontal Integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)
Eugenics
study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities
Organized Labor
employees come together to demand a change in the workplace
labor union
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
strike
Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.
collective bargaining
Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
American Federation of Labor
joined local unions together
Scabs
Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike
Lockouts
a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities to work
Blacklisting
A blacklist is a list or register of people who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, or mobility
yellow dog contract
an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.
Pinkertons
Members of the Chicago police force headed by Alan Pinkerton, they were often used as strike breakers.
Railroad Strike of 1877
One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first tim
Haymarket Riot
1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
Civil Service Act of 1883
Established the Civil Service Commission and marked the end of the spoils system.
Tamany Hall
most famous political machine led by "Boss" Tweed in NY City
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
New Urban Culture
-Men = hard labor, little pay
-Women = sexual exploitation, domestic servants, turned to prostitution for easy money
poverty and persecution
Why did most migrants move to the United States
Americanization
Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
Settlement Houses
institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people
Hull House
settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889
Clara Barton
Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
How the Other Half Lives
A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Gospel of Wealth
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
YMCA
Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities
consumer culture
a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves
New South
After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.
Sharecropping
A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
Lynching
putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law
Bishop Turner
Black nationalist who organized the International Migration Society in 1894 to recolonize blacks in Africa.
Accomodationists
People who believed in accommodating oppression and self-help through financial success.
Seperate Car Act
Separate Rail cars for black and white people ("seperate but equal")
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal.
Susan B. Anthony
social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
National Women Suffrage Association 1869
Organization started by Anthony and Stanton to campaign for female suffrage on a national level
True
A small percent of white women excluded black women from participating in protests
Guano Act
An US citizen could claim an island if they found guano, a fertilizer
Hawaiian League
Business people, planters, and traders who wanted to overthrow the monarchy and persuade the US to annex Hawaii
War in the Philippines
War between the US and the Philippines over US expansion after the Spanish American War
William McKinley
Annexed Hawaii