a name for the Native Americans of the present-day southwestern US; Pueblos were also apartment like structures make of adobe and mud that formed the "towns" of the pueblo people
Chinook
Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present-day United States.
Iroquois
Native Americans found living in the present-day northeastern United States; eventually apart of the Iroquois Confederacy
Smallpox
infectious disease brought to America by the Spanish that devastated native populations.
Mestizo
a term used by the Spanish that referred to a people whose ancestors were both European and American Indian.
Zambo
a term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonists to describe someone of African or American Indian ancestry.
Columbian Exchange
the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492 after Columbus's arrival in the Western Hemisphere
Encomienda System
a labor system developed by the Spanish in colonial America; the system was designed to reduce abuses of forced labor, but in practice, it became a form of enslavement and exploitation of the Native Americans
Christopher Columbus
led a voyage in 1492 to present-day Bahamas and claimed the land he explored for the king and queen of Spain; by 1504, he had made 4 voyages to America.
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish explorer who claimed Florida for the King of Spain, 1513
St. Augustine
a colony for the Spanish that has become the oldest continuously-occupied European settlement in the United States.
Walter Raleigh
an Englishman who sponsored the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke.
Roanoke
the first attempt by the English to establish a colony in America (1586); became a failed colony and what happened to the colonists remains a mystery.
Sextant
an instrument used to measure the angle between a celestial object and the horizon that became essential to navigation at sea.
Astrolabe
Instrument for measuring the position of the sun and stars; using these readings, navigators could calculate their latitude (their distance north and south of the equator).
Joint Stock Companies
businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization; became popular because it was less financially risk to jointly invest
Juan de Sepulveda
Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World; He also argued in favor of the Christianization and subjugation of Native Americans.
Bartolome de Las Casas
a Spanish Dominican priest whose activism on behalf of Indians led to the reform of the Encomienda system
Spanish Mission System
The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.
Conquistadores
Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.
Maize
(a.k.a. corn) an important crop among all the Native Americans; utilized by large civilization to feed growing population
Three-sister farming
Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
Treaty of Tordesillas
an agreement signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, dividing the territories of the New World; Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.
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