Proposition
A truth claim; a proposition is either true or false (though sometimes we don't know which).
Argument
A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others.
Premise
A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.
Conclusion
The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove.
Inferences
Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.
Persuasive
The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. A persuasive argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true.