Bedouin Tribes
Nomadic, tribal and polytheistic (supreme deity: Allah)Caravan trade routes
Sheiks
Tribal LeadersMalesCharismatic Strongest leader
Majils
Tribal councilCouncil of eldersOlder peopleGroup that made decisions
Mecca
City in western ArabiaBirthplace of the Prophet Muhammad Ritual center of the Islamic religion.A lot of corruptionPolytheism
Allah
God in the Islamic religion
Kaaba
A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine
Muhammed
The prophet and founder of IslamBorn in 570 to the Quaryish TribeMother died at age 6Adopted by uncle who was the richest man in Mecca Respected / Honest caravan manager
Khadija
First wife of muhammad and first to convert to Islam.WealthyOwned her own caravanHad children from previous marriagesAsked Muhammed to marry her
Cave of Hira
Where Mohammad first received revelations from Gabriel , beginning in 610.
Quran
The holy book of Islam
Allah's Revelations
Adam AbrahamJesusNoah MosesMuhammed
Monotheism
Belief in one God- all powerful and merciful- honesty- faithfulness- Charity- Final judgement
Islam
Submission to the will of Allah (God)
Hadith
Second book; kind of like the "law" book of Islam
Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage
Hijrah
the exile of Muhammad and his followers to Medina in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam
Exile in Medina
- Muhammed took his family to be protected by a Christian leader- Start of the lunar Calendar
Persecution and strife
Muhammeds business was destroyed and he was kicked out of the community
Medina communities
UmmaQuba
Umma
- Islamic community- Muhammad spread the word of islam to these communities
Quba
- 1st mosque- where Muhammed and his family lived - where he does his day to day business and settles problems
Mecca vs Muslims
- The battle of the well- the battle of the plain- the battle of the trench
The battle of the well
Muhammed Successful in taking the well
The battle of the plain
Could be seen as a loss but also as a "push" towards success
The Battle of the Trench
When Muhammed once and for all beat the people of Mecca
Treaty freeing people of rival alliances
People allowed to come to Mecca without consequence
Muhammed's message
- Apprehensive to take it to Medina- Once he started preaching he was ridiculed and there were attempted assassinations
Muhammed's Apostles
- Abu Bakr- Umar- Uthman- Ali- Muawiya
Abu Bakr
- First caliph after death of Muhammad- Very first convert outside of Muhammed's family- "Successor of the Messenger of God"- Creates Islamic Empire
Jihad
holy war
Umar
- 2nd caliph after Muhammad's death- Hated Muhammed originally- Muhammad married one of his daughters- Conquers Jeruselum, Syria, Persia- claims western/ Wailing wall as holy sight for Judaism
Ibn Sina
Writer of the cannon of medicine
Mosque
A Muslim place of worship
Umma
The term for all Muslims as a community.
Uthman
- third caliph- sets up family dynasty- created tension because outsiders couldn't become caliph
Ali
- Fourth caliph- Islamic civil war breaks out (firman)
Fitnah
civil war within the empire of Islam
Mu'awiya
- fifth caliph- establishes the Umayyad dynasty
Umayyad Dynasty
The first great Muslim dynasty
Hussein
- Led an unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad dynasty- murdered violently at the battle of Karbala- Leads to split of Islam ( Sunni & Shia)
Sunni
Majority of modern day Muslims; believe the best qualified person should be caliph
Shia
Believes that caliph should be blood descendants of Muhammad
Ashura
The most important Shia religious holiday, commemorating the death of Hussein, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad
Abbasid Dynasty
- Overthrows the Umayyad - Encourage marriage from both sides- allows all Muslims to hold office- moves political capital from Medina to Baghdad
Baghdad
The intellectual capital of the world
Ma'mun
New caliph; patron of the arts and learning
Seljuk Turks
- Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century- Capture Baghdad- Replace caliph with sultan