absolute monarch
A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society
divine right
Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
thousands of French Huguenots and other Protestants killed at wedding of Henry of Navarre
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
War of Spanish Succession
a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.
Treaty of Utrecht
1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire
Royalists
supporters of government by a monarch; used as a name for supporters of England's King Charles I
Commonwealth
A self-governing territory associated with another country
Restoration
the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
Boyars
Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts
czar
Russian word for Caesar
Westernization
policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
Thirty Years War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
charles v
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Phillip II
336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.
el greco
Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)
Diego Velazquez
This artist was the artist of Philip IV's court in the 17th century. He is known for his realistic portraits of the royal family in Spain's Golden Age.
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz
Mexican poet who was criticized of her work. She talked about the rights that woman should have
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
henry iv
Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
louis XIII
French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.
Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
War of Spanish Succession
This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V
Treaty of Utrecht
1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire