Paternalism
Governing in a "parental" way by providing for needs but not giving rights, used by plantation owners to justify ownership
Free-Soil Party
a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories
Henry Clay
United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 between free and slave states
Compromise of 1850
Devised by Clay - California was free state, stricter Fugitive Slave Law, ended Slave Trade in DC
California
Added as a free state in 1850 through Compromise
Fugitive Slave Act
1850 Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them
Popular Sovereignty
The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free, not set by the federal government
Personal liberty laws
Northern state laws preventing state and local officials from obeying federal fugitive slave laws, forbade imprisonment of fugitive slaves and guaranteed a jury trial
Underground Railroad
A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.
Harriet Tubman
Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin - discussed the horrors of slavery, enraged the South
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 antislavery novel popularized the abolitionist position
Kansas-Nebraska Act
a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery
Bleeding Kansas
Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory
John Brown
led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work
Brooks-Sumner incident
A personal attack on the floor of the Senate resulting from political disagreements over slavery.
Nativist
a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants
Know-Nothings
political party of the mid-1800s, officially known as the American Party, that opposed immigration
Republican Party
Political party formed in 1854. Its main goal was to stop the spread of slavery.
Dred Scott Case
Said all slaves are property; not citizens. US couldn't prohibit slavery, 1857
Roger B Taney
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made
Abraham Lincoln
Illinois Whig Representative, Lawyer, 1860 Republican Candidate, President of the U.S., 1861-1865
Stephan A. Douglas
an Illinois politician, Democrat, rival to Lincoln in 1860, supported Kansas-Nebraska Act
Harpers Ferry
a federal arsenal in Virginia that was captured in 1859 during a raid to start a slave revolt
Election of 1860
Four-way race for the presidency that resulted in the election of a sectional minority president as the Democratic Party split over slavery, led to secession of South Carolina
sectional minority president
President who did not receive a majority of popular votes but won the electoral vote - popular and/or electoral votes won were mostly in one region of the country
Fort Sumter
Federal fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, attack by Confederacy; first shots of the Civil War
Confederate States of America
the name adopted by the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America
Crittenden Compromise
A last-ditch plan to save the Union by providing guarantees for slavery in the territories by extending the 36-30 line
Secession
A formal withdrawal of groups or states from a government or country
Border States
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri - slave states that did not secede
Blockade
an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving. Prevented sale of Southern Cotton to Europe
Anaconda Plan
a Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the Confederacy in two
Robert E. Lee
General of the Confederate Army, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
Stonewall Jackson
General in the Confederate army, led Confederate army in the 1st Battle of Bull Run
George B. McClellan
General of the Army of the Potomac for the Union, great military planner, had a "case of the slows
Battle of Bull Run
1861, 1st major battle, proved war was going to be long and costly. Confederates won.
Ulysses S. Grant
Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee
Battle of Shiloh
an 1862 Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in a Union victory by Grant
Monitor v. Merrimack
First engagement between ironclad ships; fought at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 9, 1862.
Battle of Antietam
1862 battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North, bloodiest single day of fighting during the war, led to Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.
54th Massachusetts Regiment
one of the first African American Regiment organized in the North
Siege of Vicksburg
1863, the Union army's six-week blockade that led the city to surrender during the Civil War, splitting the South in two
Battle of Gettysburg
1863, the event that marked the last major Confederate attempt to invade the North, put the South on the defensive
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln's speech to honor fallen soldiers, increased Northern support to finish the war
Total War
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
March to the Sea
Sherman's March from Atlanta to Savannah Georgia where the Union destroyed everything in its path.
Scorched Earth Policy
military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything (houses, railroads, livestock, crops) in their path to hurt the enemy
William Tecumseh Sherman
United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West, practiced Scorched Earth to win Georgia
Appomattox
in April 1865, the end of the Civil War came suddenly when Northern troops cornered Lee here
John Wilkes Booth
United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)
Income Tax
A tax on people's earnings, used to pay for the Civil War
Homestead Act
1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years, enacted to help fill western states with anti-slavery settlers and earn money for federal government from sale of land
Morrill Act
(1862) Federal law that gave land to states to build agricultural and engineering colleges (ex: Virginia Tech, Penn State, Texas A&M, UConn)
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US, funded during the Civil War, completed in 1869
Conscription
A military draft, used by both Union and Confederates
Draft Riots
1863 Irish-Americans in New York City rioted over the unfairness of the Conscription Law and fear of potential job loss
Clara Barton
Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
Matthew Brady
Created photographic record of the U.S. Civil War.
Richmond Bread Riots
(1862) Southern women rioted due to high inflation of Confederate currency and shortages in goods.
Presidential Reconstruction
the reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Andrew Johnson
10 Percent Plan
Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South, 10% swears loyalty for re-admittance
Andrew Johnson
Vice President who became 17th President after Lincoln's assassination. First president to be impeached
Black Codes
Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
Congressional Reconstruction
-5 military districts created-to be re-admitted Southern states had to ratify 14th, make new gov't/constitution, 50% swear allegiance
Radical Republicans
Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war, wanted to support newly freed slaves
Wade-Davis Bill
it required 50% of the states' voters to take an oath of allegiance for reinstatement into the Union, Congress's Plan for Reconstruction
Freedmen's Bureau
government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves and poor white farmers
40 acres and a mule
promised (but not delivered) to newly freed slaves
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Federal law granting citizenship to former slaves; passed over Johnson's veto.
Reconstruction Amendments
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment
gives U.S. citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in America
15th Amendment
States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.
Scalawags
A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.
Carpetbaggers
Insulting tern used to describe a northerner who moved to the South during Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Poll tax
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote, used to prevent poor blacks from voting
Literacy Tests
tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting, designed to prevent blacks from voting
Grandfather Clauses
law allowing people to vote if ancestors had voted before Reconstruction, method of preventing blacks from voting
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences, enforced by Jim Crow Laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 ruling that separate but equal facilities for different races were constitutional.
Sharecropping
system in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop profit, uses landowners tools
Tenant Farming
system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter, supplies own tools
Ku Klux Klan
secret society organized after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of violence
Enforcement Acts
1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote
Redeemers
white Democrats who used their political power to take back the South and oppress the Black community
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th U.S. President. 1877-1881. Republican, oversaw the end of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction, military troops removed from South, Redeemers gain full control
Booker T. Washington
proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans
W.E.B. DuBois
Co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality and voting rights for minority citizens.
Ida B. Wells
African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching
Reconstruction
the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War
Reconstruction Military Districts
Created by Congress to re-organize government and protect black rights with military force