Amoral
the process of communication is ethically neutral
Pervasiveness
communication takes place wherever humans are together because people tend to look for meaning, even when a message is not deliberately sent; communication is pervasive
Logos
logical appeals; Aristotle
Pathos
emotional appeals; Aristotle
Ethos
credibility; Aristotle
SMCRE Model
identifies five groups of communication varibales
Source
the person initiating the communication
Message
the message the speaker intends to send
Channel
the means through which the message is sent
Receivers
the audience to whom the message is delivered
Environment
the situation or context in which the transaction takes place
Elaboration Likelihood Model
a comprehensive theory of persuasion
Elaboration
degree to which a receiver scrutinizes a message
Central Processing Route
receivers mentally elaborate on the elements of your message and carefully scrutinize your arguments and evidence; part of ELM
Peripheral Route Processing
receivers give brief attention to the message without elaborated thought; part of ELM
Interpersonal Communication
the process of using messages to generate meaning between at least two people n a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening
Small Group Communication
communication that takes place among three or more individuals who are interdependent, share goals, identify with one another, and interact
Organizational Communication
the communication that is necessary to form and maintain an organization
Public Speaking
the process of using messages to generate meanings in a situation in which a single source transmits a message to a number of receivers
Mass-Media Communication
the process of using messages to generate meaning in a mediated system, between a source and a large number of unseen receivers
Journalism
the communication of news, information, etc
perception
the process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses
Active Participation
perception in which your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense
Subjective Perception
your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli
Perceptual Constancy
the idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist
Role
the part an individual plays in a group; an individual's function or expected behavior
Culture
a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with one another and with their world
Co-culture
a group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the large culture of which it is a part and with which it shares numerous similarities
Selective Exposure
the tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces, rather than contradicts, your beliefs or opinions
Selective Attention
the tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others
Selective Perception
the tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want
Selective Retention
the tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than those that oppose them
Figure
the focal point of your attention
Ground
the background against which your focused attention occurs
Closure
the tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement
Proximity
the principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group
Similarity
the principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape
Interpretive Perception
perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli
Attribution
the assignment of meaning to people's behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
in judging other people, the tendency to attribute their successes to the situation and their failures to their personal characteristics
Self-Serving Bias
in assessing ourselves, the tendency to attribute our own successes to our personal qualities, and our failures to the circumstances
Symbolic Interactionism
the process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
the idea that you behave and see yourself in ways that are consistent with how others see you
Self-Actualization
according to Maslow, the fulfillment of one's potential as a person
Self-Image
the picture you have of yourself; the sort of person you believe you are
Confirmation
feedback in which others treat you in a manner consistent with who you believe you are
Rejection
feedback in which others treat you in a manner that is inconsistent with you self-definition
Disconfirmation
feedback in which others fail to respond to your notation of self by responding neutrally
Self-Esteem
the feeling you have about your self-concept; that is, how well you like and value yourself
Identity Management
the control (or lack of control) of the communication of information through performance
High Self-Monitors
individuals who are highly aware of their identity management behavior
Low Self-Monitors
individuals who communicate with others with little attention to the responses to their message
Face
the socially approved and presented identity of an individual
Facework
verbal and nonverbal strategies that are used to present our own varying images to others and to help them maintain their own images
Politeness
our efforts to save face for others
Language
a collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate
Decode
the process of assigning meaning to others' words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own
Semantics
the study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others
Syntax
the way in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences
Encode
the process of translating your thoughts into words
Pragmatics
the study of language as it is used in a social context, including its effects of the communicators
Phatic Communication
Communication that is used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
a theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes and are limited by our language and, therefore, that language shapes our reality
Denotive Meaning
the agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
Connotative Meaning
an individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden
Colloquialism
words and phrases used informally
Cliche
an expression that has lost originality and force through overuse
Euphemism
a more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
Doublespeak
any language that is purposefully constructed to disguise its actual meaning
Slang
a specialized language of a group of people who share a common interest or belong to a similar co-culture
Profanity
language that is disrespectful of things sacred
Jargon
the technical language developed by a professional group
Regionalisms
words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country
Descriptiveness
the practice of describing observed behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgments
Paraphrasing
restating another person's message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message
Operational Message
a definition that identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made, or what it consists of
Concrete Language
words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
Dating
specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time
Frozen Evaluation
an assessment of a concept that does not change over time
Indexing
identifying the uniqueness of objects, events, and people
Cultural Competence
the ability of individuals and systems to respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families, and communities and protects and preservers the dignity of each
Nonverbal Communication
the process of using messages that are not words to generate meaning
Repetition
the same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally
Emphasis
the use of nonverbal cues to strengthen verbal messages
Complementation
nonverbal and verbal codes add meaning to each other and expand the meaning of either message alone
Contradiction
verbal and nonverbal messages conflict
Substitution
nonverbal codes are used instead of verbal codes
Regulation
nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others
Nonverbal Codes
codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including non-word vocalizations
Kinesics
the bodily movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
Emblems
nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases
Illustrators
nonverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages
Adaptors
nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public
Proxemics
the study of human use of space and distance
Chronemics
also called temporal communication; the way people organize and use time and the messages that are created because of their organization and the use of it
Tactile Communication
the use of touch in communication
Paralinguistic Features
the non-word sounds and non-word characteristics of language such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality
Vocal Cues
all of the oral aspects of sound except the words themselves
Pitch
the highness or lowness of sound
Rate
the pace of your speach
Inflection
the variety or changes in pitch
Objectics
the study of human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes
Hearing
the act of receiving sound
Listening
the active process or receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Selective Attention
the sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important
Automatic Attention
the instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger
Working Memory
the part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli we pay attention to
Short-term Memory
a temporary storage place for information
Long-term Memory
our permanent storage place for information
Schema
organizational "filling systems" for thoughts held in long-term memory
Active Listening
involved listening with a purpose
Empathic Listening
listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person
Critical Listening
listening that challenges the speaker's message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility
Critical Thinking
analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speaker's ideas to make critical judgements about the message being presented
First-person Observation
observations based on something that you have personally sensed
Second-person Observation
a report of what another person observed
Source Credibility
the extent to which the speaker is perceived as competent to make the claims he or she is making
Lecture Listening
the ability to listen to, mentally process, and recall lecture information
Lecture Cues
verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture
Information Literacy
the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the information needed
Emoticons
typographic symbols showing emotional meaning
Interpersonal Relationships
associations between two people who are interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted fro an extended period of time
Complementary Relationships
relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack
Symmetrical Relationships
relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar
Self-Disclosure
the process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information
Relational Development
in Knapp's model the process by which relationships grow
Relational Maintenance
in Knapp's model the process of keeping a relationship together
Dialect
the tension that exists between two conflicting or interacting forces, elements, or ideas
Contradictions
in dialectic theory the idea that each person in a relationship might have two opposing desires for maintaining the relationship
Relational Deterioration
in Knapp's model the process by which relationships disintegrate
Proximity
the location, distance, or range between persons or things
Attractiveness
a concept that includes physical attractiveness, how desirable one is to work with, and how much "social value" the person has for others
Responsiveness
the idea that we tend to select our friends and loved ones from people who have demonstrated positive interest in us
Similarity
the idea that our friends and loved ones are usually people who like or dislike the same things we do
Complementarity
the idea that we sometimes bond with people whose strengths are our weaknesses
Deceptive Communication
the practice of deliberately making somebody believe things that are not true
Aggressiveness
assertion of one's rights at the expense of others and care about one's own needs but no one else's
Argumentativeness
the quality or state of being argumentative; synonymous with contentiousness or combativeness
Defensiveness
occurs when a person feels attacked
Compliance-Gaining
those attempts made by a source of messages to influence a target "to perform some desired behavior that the target otherwise might not perform
Compliance-Resisting
the refusal of targets of influence messages to comply with requests
Personal Idioms
unique forms of expression and language understood only by individual couples
Rituals
formalized patterns of actions or words followed regularly
Bargaining
the process in which two or more parties attempt to reach an agreement on what each should give and receive in a transaction between them
Behavioral Flexibility
the ability to alter behavior to adapt to new situations and to relate in new ways when necessary
Intercultural Communication
the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
Assimilation Goal
the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
Accommodation Goal
the marginalized group manages to keep co-cultural identity while striving for positive relationship with the dominant culture
Separation Goal
the marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group
Ethnocentrism
the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures
Cultural Relativism
the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
Individualistic Cultures
cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
Collectivist Cultures
cultures that value the group over the individual
Low-context Cultures
cultures like the US and Scandinavia, in which communication tends to be centered on the source, with intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal style
High-context Cultures
cultures like those of the Asian Pacific Rim and Central and South America, in which much of the meaning is "preprogrammed information" understood by the receiver and transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction occurs
Uncertainty-Accepting Cultures
cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
Implicit-Rule Culture
a culture in which information and cultural rules are implied and already known to the participants
Explicit-Rule Culture
a culture in which information, policies, procedures, and expectations are explicit
M-time
the monochromic time schedule, which compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions, and points to the future
P-time
the polychromic time schedule, which views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented