True
The geography of the North American continent was fundamentally shaped by the glaciers of the Great Ice Age
False
North America was first settled by people who came by boat across the waters of the Pcific Strait from Japan to Alaska
False
The early Indian civilizations of Mexico and peru were built on th eeconomic foundations of cattle and wheat growing
True
Most North American Indians lived in small, seminomadic agricultural and hunting communities
True
Many indian cultures like the Iroquois traced descent through the female line
False
No euroeans had ever set foot on the American continent prior to Coumbus' arrival in 1492
True
A primary motive for the European voyages of discovery was the desire to find a less expensive route to asian goods and markets
False
The beginnings of African slavery developed in response to the Spanish conquest of the Americas
False
Columbus immediately recognized in 1492 that he had come across new continents previously unknown to Europeans
False
The greatest effect of the European intrusion on the indians of the Americas was to increase the Indian population through intermarriage with the whites
True
Spanish gold and silver from the Americas fuelds inflation and economic growth in Europe
False
The Spanish conquistadores had little to do with the native peoples of Mexico and refused to intermarry with them
False
The spanish were able to defeat the Aztecs because they came from a more sophisticated, urban civilization
True
Spain expanded its empire into Florida and new mexico partly to block French and English intrustions
The appalachians
The geologically oldest mountains in North America
were divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than two thousand different languages
The Indian Peoples of the Americas
the American Revolution
The Iroquois Confederacy remained a strong political and military influence until
The christian crusades who brought back a taste for the silks and spices of Asia
One of the important factors that first stimulated European interest in trade and discovery was
Foodstuffs such as maize, beans and tomatoes
Among the most important American Indian products to spread to the Old World were
Maise, beans and squash
The primary staples of indian agriculture were
Twenty Million
The number of indians in North America at the time Columbus arrived was approximately
the Norse
Before Columbus arrive, the only Europeans to have visited North America, temporarily, were
the Atlantic sugar islands
ThePortugesewere the first to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in
national unification and explusion of the Muslim Moors
Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory in the early 1500s came from spain's recent
rise of centralized national monarchies such as that of Spain
A crucial political development that paved the way for the European colonization of America was
the Indians lack of resistance to european diseases such as smallpox and malaria
The primary reason for the drasatic decline in the Indian population after the encounter with the Europeans
the Aztec rule Montezuma believed that Cortes was a god whoe return had been predicted
Cortes and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan partly because
Portugal
The primary early colonial competitor with Spain in the Americas was
the Black Legend
The belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas, while contributing nothing good is called
The Great Ice Age
Extended period when glaciers coverd most of the north American continent
Maise/Corn
Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations
Cahokia
Important Mississippian culture site, near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois
Portuguese
First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of africa, portugal
Mali
Flourishing West African kingdome that had its capital and university at Timbuktu
Indies
Mistaken term that the first European explorers gave to American lands because of the false belief that they were off the coast of Asia
Horses
Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains
Smallpox
One of the major European diseases that devastated Native American populations after 1492 (Malaria, yellow fever)
Syphilis
Disease originating in the Americas that was trasmitted back to Europeans after 1492
Treaty of Tordesitlas
Treaty that proclaimed a spanish title to lands in the Americas by dividing them with Portugal
Tenochtitpin
Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire
Metizo
person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
Pope's Rebellion
Indian uprising in New mexico caused by Spanish efforts to suppress indian religion
Pueblo
Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors
Franciscan
Roman Catholic religious order of friar that organized a chain of missions in California
Ferdinand and Isabella
Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages to the New World
Malinche
Female Indian Slave who served as interpreter for Cortes
Hiawatha
Legendary Founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy
Tenochtitlan
Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire
Dias and de Gama
Portuguese navigators who sailed around the African coast
St. Augustine
Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory
John Cabot
Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498
Columbus
Italian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on unknown continents
Montezuma
Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
Cortes and Pizarro
Spanish conquerors of great Indian civilizations
Junipero Serra
Franciscan missionary who settled California
Lake Bonneville
Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remanant is the Great Salt lake
Cause - The Great Ice Age
Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America
Cause - Cultivation of corn (maize)
The formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America
Cause - New sailing technology and desire for spices
European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach asia
Cause - Portugals creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands
The rapid expansion of the African slave trade
Cause - Columbus' first encounter with the New World
A global exchange of animals, plans and diseases
Cause - Native Americans lack of immunity to small pox, malaria, and yellow fever
A decline of 90% in the New World Indian population
Cause - The Spanish conquest of large quantities of New World Gold and Silver
Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing
Cause - Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl
Cortes relatively easy conquest of Tenochtitlan
Cause - The Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment
Establishment of spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico
Cause - Franciscian friars desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism
Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California
Appalachians and Rockies
Two major mountain chains that border the great mid continental basin drained by the Mississippi River System
The Ice Age
Geological event that explains the formation of the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River system, Columbia Snake River System and Great Salt Lake
How did the Ice Age isolate the human population of the Americas from that of Asia
Humans from Asian followed animals as they crossed the Bering Strait in search of food to the Americas. The Bering Strait was crossable when sea levels were low.
Indian populations earliest migrations across North American
From Northwest to South and East
Balboa, Cortes, Columbus, Pizarro
Spanish explorers never visited the territory that became the United States
Quivira and Mission San Antonio
1542-1823 - what are the two eastern most Spanish settlements on the norther frontier of Spanish Mexico
Columbus
First explorer of the Pacific Ocean
Treaty of Tordesillas
Portuguese were allotted one-tenth of North America