Simon Bolivar
revolutionary leader from Venezuela known as the "George Washington of South America
mulatto
a person of mixed European and African ancestry
peninsulare
in spanish colonial society, a colonist of spanish ancestry
Jose Maria Morelos
he lead Mexican rebels against the Spanish after Miguel Hidalgo in 1811
Creole
in Spanish colonial society, a colonial of Spanish ancestry
mestizo
a person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
Jose de San Martin
the Argentinean revolutionary leader who liderated Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Miguel Hidalgo
priest from Dolores who issued the call of rebellion in Mexico
conservative
the usually wealthy property owners and nobility; argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe
liberal
mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants; wanted to give more power to elect parliament; only educated and landowners could vote
radical
the favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people; governments should practice the ideals of the French revolution - liberal, equality,and brotherthood
nationalism
the belief the peoples greatest loyalty should be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share common culture
nation-state
defends the nations territory and way of life and it represents the nation to the rest of the world
the Balkans
a region controlled by the Ottomans; today it is known as present day Greece, Albania, Balgaria, Romania, Turkey and the former Yagaslavia
Louis-Napoleon
he won the Fench presidential election in 1848 and four years later took the title of emperor. he built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works
Alexander II
he was a Russian czar who decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change; believe that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power
Industrial Revolution
refers to the greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the middle 1700's
enclosure
large fields that landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields
crop rotation
one of the best developments by the scientific farmers; you plant a diffrent crop every year for three years; 1st year take all the nutrients 2nd year the crops give the soil nutrients
undustrialization
the process of developing machine productions of goods, required such resources
factors of peoduction
the recources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required
factory
wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in larged buildings called
entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
laissez faire
the economic policy of letting owners of indusrties and business set working conditions
Adam Smith
He defended the idea of a free economy or free markets, in his book The Wealthy of Nations. he felt that economic progress and that government should not interfere
capitalism
an economic system in which the factors of production are privalely owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
Utilitarianism
the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700's that governent actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Socialism
an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Communism
an economic system in which all means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses- are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally
Karl Marx
He was a german journalist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, which introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism
Jethro Tull
He was one of the first scientific farmers; invented a seed drill that allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at spacific depths so that a larger share of seeds took root, boosting crop yields
Eli Whitney
He was an American who invented the cotton gin, which multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned
union
to press for reforms; workers joined together in voluntary lador associotions
strike
when union members refuse to work