social studies

excommunicate

cast out from the church

popes and kings

these people were rulers of europe's society

authority

power, right to rule

pope gregory VII

a powerful medieval pope, he fought with the holy roman emperor henry IV over the power to choose church officials

henry IV

holy roman emperor, he fought against pope gregory VII over the power to choose church officials

crusades

a long series of wars between christians and muslims in southwest asia

holy land

it was the region where jesus had lived preached and died

pope urban II

medieval pope, he called on christians to launch the first crusade

king richard I

king of england, he led christian soldiers in the third crusade. he earned respect of his enemies as well as soldiers for his bravery and his fairness

saladin

muslim general, he led the muslim forces during the third crusade

clergy

church official

religious order

a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules

francis of assisi

italian saint, he encouraged people to be kind to others and founded the franciscan order

friars

people who belonged to religious order but lived and worked among the general public

thomas aquinas

dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support christian belief

magna carta

this document listing rights that the kings could not ignore

parliament

the lawmaking body that governs europe

hundred years' war

a long conflict between england and france

joan of arc

a french peasant girl, she rallied the french troops during the hundred years' war

black death

a deadly plague that swept through europe between 1347-1351

heresy

religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings

reconquista

efforts to retake spain from moors

king ferdinand

king of spain, he and his wife isabella completed the reconquista. they forced jews in spain to become christians or leave and banned islam

queen isabella

queen of castile in spain, she helped complete the reconquista. she and her husband banned islam and forced all jews in spain to become christians or leave. she also helped pay for the voyages of christopher columbus

spanish inquisition

an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion.

gained power

did kings and popes loose power or gained power?

they thought they would go to hell

why didn't people want to be excommunicated?

nobles

who elected the holy roman emperor?

popes

with whom did kings come into conflict?

they were fighting over who to pick bishops

why were pope gregory VII and emperor henry IV in conflict with each other?

pope urban II

before the first crusades began, who called on the christians to fight the muslim turks?

they asked for pope urban II for help

when the muslim turks threaten Constantinople, what did the byzantine emperor do?

towns, cities, and trade routes

where did most social activities take place?

pilgrim

a person who travels to a religious location is called........?

the church

who found the earliest universities in europe?

gothic cathedral, ornate painting and tapestries

what was the main inspiration for art and architecture in the middle ages?

monks-lives in isolated communities, friars-work among the general public

what was the difference between monks and friars?

to get the king to honor certain rights

what was the main goal of magna carta?

limits the king's power

why was magna carta important?

a peasant girl who rallied the french troops during the hundred years' war

who was joan of arc?

english king-lose power, french king-gain power

after the hundred years' was, did the english king gain power or lose power? did the french king gain power or lose power?

heretics

people who did not follow the christian church were called?

pope innocent III

who called for a crusade against heretics?

badly

how were jews treated in europe during the middle ages?

the manor system fell

what were the result of the black death?