excommunicate
cast out from the church
popes and kings
these people were rulers of europe's society
authority
power, right to rule
pope gregory VII
a powerful medieval pope, he fought with the holy roman emperor henry IV over the power to choose church officials
henry IV
holy roman emperor, he fought against pope gregory VII over the power to choose church officials
crusades
a long series of wars between christians and muslims in southwest asia
holy land
it was the region where jesus had lived preached and died
pope urban II
medieval pope, he called on christians to launch the first crusade
king richard I
king of england, he led christian soldiers in the third crusade. he earned respect of his enemies as well as soldiers for his bravery and his fairness
saladin
muslim general, he led the muslim forces during the third crusade
clergy
church official
religious order
a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules
francis of assisi
italian saint, he encouraged people to be kind to others and founded the franciscan order
friars
people who belonged to religious order but lived and worked among the general public
thomas aquinas
dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support christian belief
magna carta
this document listing rights that the kings could not ignore
parliament
the lawmaking body that governs europe
hundred years' war
a long conflict between england and france
joan of arc
a french peasant girl, she rallied the french troops during the hundred years' war
black death
a deadly plague that swept through europe between 1347-1351
heresy
religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings
reconquista
efforts to retake spain from moors
king ferdinand
king of spain, he and his wife isabella completed the reconquista. they forced jews in spain to become christians or leave and banned islam
queen isabella
queen of castile in spain, she helped complete the reconquista. she and her husband banned islam and forced all jews in spain to become christians or leave. she also helped pay for the voyages of christopher columbus
spanish inquisition
an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion.
gained power
did kings and popes loose power or gained power?
they thought they would go to hell
why didn't people want to be excommunicated?
nobles
who elected the holy roman emperor?
popes
with whom did kings come into conflict?
they were fighting over who to pick bishops
why were pope gregory VII and emperor henry IV in conflict with each other?
pope urban II
before the first crusades began, who called on the christians to fight the muslim turks?
they asked for pope urban II for help
when the muslim turks threaten Constantinople, what did the byzantine emperor do?
towns, cities, and trade routes
where did most social activities take place?
pilgrim
a person who travels to a religious location is called........?
the church
who found the earliest universities in europe?
gothic cathedral, ornate painting and tapestries
what was the main inspiration for art and architecture in the middle ages?
monks-lives in isolated communities, friars-work among the general public
what was the difference between monks and friars?
to get the king to honor certain rights
what was the main goal of magna carta?
limits the king's power
why was magna carta important?
a peasant girl who rallied the french troops during the hundred years' war
who was joan of arc?
english king-lose power, french king-gain power
after the hundred years' was, did the english king gain power or lose power? did the french king gain power or lose power?
heretics
people who did not follow the christian church were called?
pope innocent III
who called for a crusade against heretics?
badly
how were jews treated in europe during the middle ages?
the manor system fell
what were the result of the black death?