Second Industrial Revolution
This term refers to the second wave of the late 18th century industrial movement which was generally focused in Germany. This second wave, with the movement from domestic systems of production to factory systmes, involved heavy industry and innovations such as mass production.
Irish Potato Famine
Cheap potato was a staple food for most poor, yet a blight (disease) rotted the fields, and may Irish suffered and came to work in industrial cities of Britain, or go to the colonies
19th Century Railroad
new railroads were built in the 19th century causing a dramatic increase in the amount of steel, lumber, and labor needed. also gave people a significantly faster mode of transportation and also made it quicker to transport goods which increased international trade.
Proletarianization
the term used to indicate the entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment, and the control over the conduct of their own trade
Factory Discipline
workers were forced to work regular hours in shifts, so machines were running steadily
Confection
a practice whereby goods, such as shoes, clothing, and furniture were produced in standard sizes and styles rather than by special orders for individual customers.
Chartism
the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people
Six Points
a radical chartist movement aimed at persuading parliament to adopt this which would have brought about much parliamentary reform: universal male suffrage, no property qualifications to join parliament, annual parliaments, constituencies of equal size, payment of MPs, vote by secret ballot
English Factory Act
forbade employment of children under nine. It also limited child work hours to nine while offering basic education
Bobbies
British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force.
Transportation Penalty
crime rose 300% during the industrial revolution, the jails were becoming too full, criminals were sent to australia instead
Auburn System
prison system designed to reform criminals ad reduce expenses through the sale of items produced in workshops. Prisoners slept in solitary cells, marched in military formation to meals and workshops, and were forbidden to speak to one another at any time.
Philadelphia System
the prison reform system where prisoners were kept separated at all times
Henry Bessemer
This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient
Electric Energy
a form of energy that makes radios, televisions, and telephones work.
Middle Class
a class of people intermediate between the classes of higher and lower social rank or standing; the social, economic, cultural class, having approximately average status, income, education, tastes, and the like.
Petite Bourgeosie
French term which described white collar workers
Edwin Chadwick
This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses
Public Health Act
Empowered to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
David Ricardo
English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)
Utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Poor Law
1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.
Utopian Socialists
Socialists who believed that everyone was equal and that competition in industry there should be cooperation; early socialists.
Owenism
Socialist tradition created by Robert Owen which stated that if human beings were placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could be improved. He founded a few industrial communities to test his philosophies.
Fourierism
A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity.
Marxism
the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.
Friedrich Engles
German social science philosopher that developed communist theory with Karl Marx.
The Communist Manifesto
The book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism.
Class Conflict
Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
Trade Unionism
the system or principles and theory of labor unions
First International
meeting of English labor leaders, Marx attended the meeting and dominated it, tried to push a Marxist agenda expelling those who didn't agree
Fabian Society
Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.
Opportunism
taking advantage of opportunities without regard for the consequences for others
Erfurt Program
a German program that declared the imminent doom of capitalism and the necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production. It intended to pursue these goals through legal political participation rather than revolutionary activity.
Eduard Bernstein
(1850-1932) Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet
Revolutions of 1848
These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates caused starvation in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria, because the Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans and factory workers joined with the middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia became a constitutional monarchy