Simon Bolivar
revolutionary leader from venezuela known as the "George Washington of south america
Mulatto
a person of mixed European and African ancestry
peninsulare
in a spanish colonial society, a colonist of spanish ancestry
jose maria morelos
he led the mexican rebels against the spanish after miguel hidalgo in 1811
creole
in spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in latin america to spanish parentss
mestizo
a person of mixed european and indian ancestry
jose de san martin
the Argentinean revolutionary leader who liberated Argentina, chile, and peru
miguel hidalgo
priest from dolores who issues the call for rebellion in mexico
name the classes of spanish colonial society
peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, indians
what was distinctive about the Haitian revolution?
it was the first black colony to free itself from european control
what role did creoles play in independence movements in latin america?
they were the least oppressed of those in latin america. They traveled to europe for their education and they brought back ideas of revolution with them.
how did the american and french revolution affect the colonists in the americas?
Colonists, already aware of enlightment ideas, were electrified by the news of the american and french revolutions. It encouraged them to try to gain freedom from their european masters.
which group led the quest for mexican independance?
indians and mestizos
what was the "grito de Dolores
it was a call, issued by miguel hidalgo, for rebellion against the spanish
conservative
usually wealthy property owners and nobility
liberal
mostly middle class business leaders and merchants
radical
favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
nationalism
the belief that peoples greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
nation- state
when a nation had its own independent government, it becomes a nation state
the balkans
the region that includes all or part of present day greece, albania, bulgaria, romania, turkey, and former yugolsavia
louis- napoleon
in december of 1848, louis napoleon, the nephew of napoleon bonaparte took the title of emperor napoleon
alexander 2
nicholas son, he decided to move to russia toward modernization and social change.
how were liberals different from a conservatives?
the liberals wanted to give more power to elected parliaments while the conservatives argued for protecting the traditional monarchs for europe.
how were radicals different from liberals?
radicals believed that governments should practice the ideals of the french revolution- liberty, equality, and brotherhood
why did europeans and americans support the greek revolutionary movement?
educated europeans and americans loved and respected ancient greek culture.
what was the driving force behind russias industrial expansion?
their defeat in the crimean war and the spread of nationalism
what is the link between nationalism and the revolutions in europe?
a wave of nationalism swept the continent of europe. it motivated many states, at the same time, turned self interest and lust of power led to severe fall of mankind
which of the bonds used to create nation states are found in the united states?
history, language, nationality, and territory
industrial revolution
refers to the greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in england in the middle 1700s
enclosure
the larger fields
crop rotation
one of the best developments by the scientific farmers
industrialization
the process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources
factors of production
the resources needed to produce goods and services that the industrial revolution required
factory
machines in large buildings
entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes care on the risks of business.
who was jethro tell? how did he contribute to the agricultural revolution?
he was one of the first scientific farmers. he saw that the usual way of sowing seeds by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. Many seeds failed to take root. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill
how did population growth spur the industrial revolution?
better standard of life made increased population, which demanded more food and goods to be made more of, and more efficiently
what were at least four of the factors that contributed to industrialization in britian?
water power and coal, iron ore, rivers, and harbors
what inventions transformed the textile industry?
spinning Jenny and water frame
what american invention helped to increase cotton production?
foot treadle
middle class
neither rich or poor, it consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops.
the working class
they saw little improvement in their living and working conditions
what are some advantages and disadvantages of industrialization?
industry created many new jobs, standard of living generally rose, factories brought job seekers to the city, and housing, diet, and clothing improved.factories were dirty, unsafe and dangerous. workers were overworked and underpaid, and cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls.
what did the US possess that allowed it to mechanize its industries?
fast flowing rivers, rich deposits of coal and iron ore, and a supply of laborers.
how did the war of 1812 affect the industrial development of the US?
britian blockaded the US, trying to keep it from engaging the international trade. it forced the US to use its own resources to develop independent industries.
how did francis cabot lowell and four other investors revolutionize the american textile industry?
they mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth
why did young single woman leave their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns?
They could make higher wages and have some independance
what factors led to the US technological boom?
a wealth of natural resources, among them oil, coal, and iron; a burst of inventions, such as the electric light bulb and the telephone; and a swelling urban population that consumed the new manufactured goods.
describe "big business
the giant corporations that controlled entire industries- also made big profits by reducing the cost of producing goods
why did Belgium lead europe in adopting industrialization?
it had rich deposits of iron ore and coal as well as fine waterways for transportation
what factors slowed industrialization in germany?
economic isolation and scattered resources
how did france avoid the great social and economic problems caused by industrialization?
it was more measured and controlled because the agriculture economy stayed strong.
why did imperialism grow out of industrialization?
the need for resources to supply the factories of europe, and development of new markets around the world.
laissez faire
the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
adam smith
a professor at the university of glasgow, scotland. he defended the idea of a free economy in his book "the wealth of nations
capitalism
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
utilitarianism
bentham introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism. according to his theory, people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their usefulness
socialism
the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
karl marx
introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called marxism
communism
a form of complete socialism in which the means of production- all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses would be owned by the people
union
to press reforms, workers joined together in voluntary labor associations
strike
refuse to work
how did the industrial revolution prove to be a mixed blessing for women?
factory workers offered higher wages then work done at home, but women factory workers usually made only one-third as much money as men did