artisan
someone who crafts an object with raw materials
city state
a self-governing urban center and the agricultural territories it controlled.
civilization
when human society has advanced to share elements of government, architecture, ideas, etc.
Cuneiform
wedge shaped writing / the "first" writing done with a stylus on a damp clay tablet and preserved through drying in the sun
dynasty
when rule of a country or empire passes down through the family from one generation to the next
Gilgamesh
the epic story of the king, Gilgamesh, who searched for immortality. This is a Sumerian legend and is believed to be the first story
irrigation
supplying water to agricultural land by artificial means
polytheism
the worship of many gods
scribe
someone who writes / usually a revered position in ancient society
Semitic
refers to a family of languages spoken in parts of western Asia and northern Africa
ziggurat
multistory, mud-brick pyramid shaped tower approached my ramps and stairs. administrative building.
farming technology
tools used to make and grow food
Fertile Crescent
first domestication of plants and animals occurs here
Domesticate
To tame animals and wild plants so that they would have a steady supply of food
Mesopotamia
Greek meaning of the land between 2 rivers. Name for the Large Plain that stretches between the Tigris River and the east of the Euphrates River on the west
Delta
A marshy area where a river splits into smaller streams
Irrigate
To bring water to their fields
Dikes
A low earthen wall
Barter economy
goods were exchanged for other goods
Scribe
are people who sell their writing skills for a living, kept records and accounts on clay table
Architecture
the art of designing buildings
Cuneiform
language written with a reed to make strokes and wedges.
Hammurabi's Code of Laws
the series of laws made by Hammurabi, a king of the group of people called Babylonians. It is very detailed and it is recorded on a Stela.
holocene
a warming period in the neolithic age
pastoralism
to follow herds of animals
Sargon
formed a uniform system of weights and measures and standardized formats for documents and unified Mesopotamia
lugal
big man," or early form of king
amulet
a trinket or piece of jewelry thought to be a protection against evil
patrilineal
inheritance passed through the father
matrilineal
inheritance passed through the mother
Nippur
important religious city, an early city-state in Mesopotamia
megaliths
big stone rocks
pasturalists
people who move with herds of animals
history
transformation, development,transmission
Djoser
first pharaoh to build pyramids
Ra
sun god
osiris
god of underworld
hieroglyphics
Egyptian writing system consisting of pictures
Menes
unified Egypt and became their leader
highest social class of Egypt
king & high-ranking officials
second highest social class of Egypt
local leaders, officials, priests, artisans, farmers
third highest social class of Egypt
peasants
highest class of Mesopotamia
royalty, high-ranking officials, warriors, priests, merchants, artisans
Second highest class of Mesopotamia
farmers
Third highest class of Mesopotamia
slaves
Anthropomorphic (gods in mesopotamia)
give human qualities to non-living things
gods in egypt
stable and not anthropomorphic
Marduk and Tiamot
two main gods of mesopotamia. tiamot (female sea god) was killed by marduk (male god)
forager
hunters and food gatherers
Neolithic Age (common era)
agriculture revolution where farming and agriculture took over. more complex stone tools for farming.
Paleolithic B.C.E (before common era)
foragers gather food. primitive stone tools are used.
Neolithic time period
8000 b.c.e - 2000 b.c.e
Paleolithic time period
2 million- 8000 b.c.e
Stone Age
era where most tools were made of stone
Babylon
most important city in southern Mesopotamia in the second and first millennia b.c.e
Mesopotamia
means "land between the rivers
Mesopotamia's abundant resource
clay.
ma'at
the divinely authorized order of the universe
pyramid
series of stone platforms laid one on top of the other
Memphis and Thebes
capitals of ruling dynasties in Egypt
papyrus
writing material in Egypt
mummy
corpse filled with packing materials and is immersed with cadaver.
Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa
early cities in the Indus Valley founded on irrigation, central planning. had sewage lines.
egalitarian
equal. everyone has rights.