ankly/o
crooked, bent, or stiff
arthr/o
joint
-um
noun ending
kyph/o
hump
chondr/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
cranium, skull
-desis
surgical fixation of bone or joint
-lysis
setting free, loosening
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
spondyl/o
vertebra, vertebral column
lord/o
bent backward
-poietic
pertaining to formation
scolio
curved
diaphysis
shaft of a lone bone
tarsals
bones that make up the ankles
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
synovial
movable joints of the body
sacrum
triangular in shape
foramen
opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
ligament
band of fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another
acetabulum
hip socket
phalanges
bones of the fingers and toes are called
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone
clavicle
collar bone
olecranon
point of the elbow
sternum
breastbone
patella
kneecap
zygomatic
cheek bone
arthrolysis
surgical opening of the ankylosed joint
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases characterized by inflammation in the connective tissues
allogenic
bone marrow transplant using marrow from a donor
cranioplasty
medical term meaning the surgical repair of the skull
osteoarthritis
medical term for the type of arthritis commonly known as wear-and-tear arthritis
lumbago
medical term for the condition commonly known as low back pain
ostealgia
any pain that is linked to an abnormal condition with a bone
anklyosing spondylitis
inflammatory joint disease characterized by progressive stiffening of the spine caused by fusion of the vertebral bodies
osteorraphy
suturing or wiring together of bones
crepitation
sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
THR
total hip replacement
Fx
fracture
OA
osteoarthritis
TKR
total knee replacement
BMB
bone marrow biopsy
osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumbar spine
rhuematoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder
Ewing's sarcoma
group of cancers that most frequently affects children or adolescents
callus
bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break during the healing of a fractured bone
rhuematism
variety of acute and chronic conditions characterized by inflammation and deterioration of connective tissues
subluxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
arthrodesis
procedure also known as fusion, that stiffens a joint or joining of several vertebrae
laminectomy
surgical removal of a spinal lamina
bunion
hallux valgus
percutaneous diskectomy
performed through the skin of the back
craniotomy
surgical incision into the skull
spondylolisthesis
subluxation of one vertebra over the one below it
arthrocentesis
surgical removal of fluid from a joint
oblique fraction
when a bone is broken at an angle
Paget's disease
disease of unknown cause that is characterized by extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the aged
anklyosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint because the bones have abnormally fused together
bursectomy
surgical removal of a bursa
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
complete
bobby kuhn fell out of a tree and broke his arm. dr. parker described this as a closed or __________ fracture because although the bone was broken, there was no open wound of the skin
osteomyelitis
eduardo sanchez has an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. the medical term for this condition is _______________
myeloma
ashley was diagnosed as having a _________. this is a tumor composed of cells derived from hemopoietic tissues of the bone marrow
kyphosis
mrs. morton suffers from dowager's hump. the medical term for this abnormalcurvature of the spine is ________________
orthotic
henry specializes in creating ____________. these are orthopedic appliances to align, prevent or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body
spina bifida
howard was born with a congenital failure of the spinal canal to close over the spinal cord. the medical term for this condition is _______________
internal fixation
mrs. gilmer fell and broke her hip. her doctor repaired this fracture by placing pins to hold the bone together as it heals. these pins, which will not be removed, are known as _____________
chondromalacia
betty has been running for several years; however, now her knees hurt. dr. baskin diagnosed that she has _____________. this is an abnormal softening of the cartilage in these joints
rheumatoid
patty turner has symptoms that include a skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue and swelling in the joints. she was diagnosed as having juvenile _____________ arthritis
bursitis
robert has a very sore shoulder. dr. wilson diagnosed it as an inflammation of the bursa and called it __________________
comminuted
fracture in which the ends of the bones were crushed together
chondroplasty
surgical repair of cartilage
dual x-ray absorptiometry
evaluate the condition of bones to test for bone loss
traction
effort to return the joint to normal allignment
periostitis
inflammation of the tissue that surrounds a bone
osteosclerosis
abnormal hardening of bone
costectomy
surgical removal of a rib
chondropathy
medical term for a disease of the cartilage
arthrotomy
surgical incision into a joint
chondritis
medical term meaning inflammation of cartilage
arthrectomy
surgical removal of a joint
polyarthritis
medical term meaning inflammation of more than one joint
osteoarthropathy
any disease involving the bones and joints
costotomy
surgical incision or division of a rib
craniomalacia
abnormal softening of the skull
red bone marrow
located within the spongy bone; manufactures red blood cells
hematopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
hemato
blood
poietic
pertaining to formation
hemopoietic
also pertaining to the formation of blood cells
yellow bone marrow
found in medullary cavity; composed of fat cells and functions as a fat storage area
periosteum
tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
compact bone
hard, dense, and very strong bone that forms the outer layer of the bones
spongy bone
lighter and not as strong as compact bone; commonly found in ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur
medullary cavity
located in the shaft of a long bone; surrounded by compact bone, lined with endosteumand contains yellow bone marrow
cartilage
smooth, rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones that form joints to make smooth joint movement possible and to protect the bones from rubbing against each other
meniscus
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee
liaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphysis
wide end of a long bone
proximal epiphysis
end of the bone that is located nearest to the midline of the body
distal epiphysis
end of the bone that is located farthest away from the midline
articulate
to join or to come together in a manner that allows motion between the parts
suture
jagged line where bones join and form a joint that does not move
fontanel
soft spot on a baby's head where sutures on the frontal and parietal bones have not yet closed
symphysis
aka cartilaginous joints; where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone
ball and socket joints
synovial joints that allow a wide range of movement in many directions
hinge joints
synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
bursa
fibrous sac that is lined with a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid
axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory system; runs through the center of the body; skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction; upper and lower extremities
cranium
portion of the skull that encloses the brain
frontal bone
forehead
parietal bones
form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
occipital bone
forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium
temporal bones
form the sides and base of the cranium
sphenoid bone
forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony socket protecting the eyeball
ethmoid bone
forms part of the nose, the orbit, and floor of the cranium
auditory ossicles
bones of the middle war
external auditory meatus
external opening of the ear located in the temporal bone
maxillary bones
form most of the upper jaw
palatine bones
form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
lacrimal bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye
inferior conchae
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
nasal septum
cartilage structure that divides the two nasal cavities and forms the base of the nose
mandible
aka lower jawbone; only movable bone of the skull; attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint
hyoid bone
unique in that it does not articulate with any other bone; instead it is suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx
xiphoid process
lower portion of the sternum made of cartilage
pectoral girdle
aka shoulder girdle; supports the arms and hands
scapula
shoulder blade
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
humerus
bone of the upper arm
radius
smaller bone in the forearm
ulna
larger bone of the forearm; articulates with humerus to form elbow joint
carpals
wrist bones
metacarpals
bones that form the palm of the hand
spinal column
aka vertebral column
vertebrae
vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae
body of vertebrae
solid anterior portion
lamina
posterior portion of a vertebra
vertebral foramen
opening in the middle of the vertebra
cervical vertebrae
first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck
thoracic vertebrae
second set of 12 vertebrae that form outward curve of spine
lumbar vertebrae
3rd set of five vertebrae that are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae and form inward curvature of spine
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; act as shock absorbers
coccyx
aka tailbone; forms the end of the spine and is made up of four small vertebrae fused together
pelvic girdle
hips or pelvic bone; protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
ilium
upper, blade shaped part of the hip on each side of the pelvic girdle
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and ilium
ischium
lower and posterior portion of the pelvic girdle
pubis
anterior portion of the pelvic girdle
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that holds the bones firmly together
femur
upper leg bone; largest bone in the body
head of the femur
articulates with acetabulum
femoral neck
narrow area just below the head of the femur
trochanter
one of the two large bony projections on the upper end of the femur just below the femoral neck
popliteal
refers to the posterior surface of the knee and is used to describe the space, ligaments, vessels, and muscles in this area
tibia
aka shinbone; the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg
fibula
the smaller of the two lower leg bones
malleolus
the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the the ankle
talus
anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
calcaneos
heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones
metatarsals
bones of the foot
chiropractor
specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
orthopedic surgeon
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
orthotics
field of knowledge relating to making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as a brace or splint to support or correct deformaties
osteopathic physicians
specialize in treating health problems by manipulation
podiatrist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
foot
pod
rheumatism
general term for a variety of acute and chronic conditions characterized by inflammation and deterioration of connective tissues
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, an injury, or a surgical procedure
ankyl
crooked, bent, or stiff
arthralgia
pain in a joint
chondroma
slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
hallux valgus
commonly known as a bunion; abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
valgus
bent
luxation
dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
gouty arthritis
type of arthritis associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint as a result of hyperuricemia
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
symptoms include pain and swelling in the joints, skin, rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue in children
herniated disk
rupture of the intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
spondylitis
inflammation of the vertebrae
spondylosis
any degenerative condition of the vertebrae
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
exostosis
benign growth on the surface of a bone
osteitis
inflammation of bone
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bones due to disease
paget's disease
disease of unknown cause that is characterized by extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair
ricket's
caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiencies in early childhood, results in demineralized bones and related deformities
talipes
clubfoot; congenital deformity in which the foot may be turned outward or inward
ewing's sarcoma
group of cancers that most frequently affects children and adolescents; malignant tumor of connective tissue and usually occur in the diaphyses of long bones in arms and legs
osteochondroma
most common benign bone tumor; growths on the surface of a bone that protrude as hard lumps covered with a cap of cartilage
osteoporosis
loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging
vertebral crush fractures
compression fractures of the spine; occur when one or more of the vertebrae become so weak that they collapse spontaneously or under minimal stress
colles' fracture
fractured wrist; fracture of the lower end of the radius
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip; can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall; complications from these fractures may result in death or the loss of function, mobility, and independence
fracture
broken bone
greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture; one in which the bone is partially bent and only partially broken
closed fracture
simple or complete fracture; bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
transverse fracture
fracture straight across the bone
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle
open fracture
one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
compression fracture
occurs when the bone is pressed together
spiral fracture
bone has been twisted apart
stress fracture
small crack in bones that often develop from chronic, excessive impact
fat embolus
may form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
bone density testing
use of several types of radiation tests to determine bone density
bone marrow biopsy
known as BMB; inserting a sharp needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells; determines why blood cells are abnormal
bone scan
use of nuclear medicine to detect bone cancer and osteomyelitis before these pathologies become visible on traditional radiographs
ultrasonic bone density testing
uses sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone for osteoporosis or other conditions causing a loss of bone mass
magnetic resonance imaging
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior or complex joints and spinal disorders
radiographs
x-rays; used to visualize fractured bones
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
administered to control pain and to reduce inflammation and swelling
acetaminophen
controls pain without the same side effects as NSAIDs; does not have the ability to reduce inflammation and swelling
antipyretic
reduces or relieves fever
bone marrow transplant
used to treat certain types of cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas that affect bone marrow
autologus transplant
using some of the patient's own bone marrow that was harvested before treatment began
allogenic transplant
using bone marrow from a donor
cord blood
collected immediately after birth; rich source of stem cells and has the potential of being an alternative to bone marrow transplants
arthroscopic surgery
treatment of the interior of a joint with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incersions
synovectomy
surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
arhtrodesis
surgical procedure to stiffen a joint or join spinal vertebrae
periosteotomy
incision through the periosteum
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a damaged joint
prosthesis
substitute for a diseased or missing part of the body
total knee replacement
all parts of the knee were replaced
diskectomy
surgical removal of an intervertebral disk
spinal fusion
technique to immobolize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
craniectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the skull
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
osteoplasty
surgical repair of bones
osteotomy
surgical incision or sectioning of a bone
manipulation
attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
fraction
pulling force exerted on a limb on a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
immobilization
act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
external fixation
fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed throught the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing