anorexia
Lack of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder
exophthalmia
Protrusion of eyeballs from their orbits
glucosuria
Presence of glucose in the urine. May indicate diabetes mellitus. Also called GLYCOSURIA
goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a tumor
hirsutism
Abnormal hairiness, especially in women. Also called HYPERTRICHOSIS
hypocalcemia
Condition of deficient calcium (Ca) in the blood. The opposite would be HYPERCALCEMIA excessive calcium in the blood
hypoglycemia
Condition of deficient sugar in the blood. The opposite would be HYPERGLYCEMIA excessive sugar in the blood
hypokalemia
Condition of deficient potassium (K) in the blood. The opposite would be HYPERKALEMIA excessive potassium in the blood
hyponatremia
Condition of deficient sodium (Na) in the blood. The opposite would be HYPERNATREMIA excessive sodium in the blood
ketoacidosis
Excessive number of ketone acids in the bloodstream
ketonuria
Presence of ketones in urine
paresthesia
Abnormal sensation, such as prickling
polydipsia
Condition of excessive thirst
polyphagia
Condition of excessive appetite
polyuria
Condition of excessive urination
tetany
Continuous muscle spasms
acromegaly
Hypersecretion of somatotrophin from the adenohypophysis during adulthood; leads to an enlargement of the extremities (hands and feets), jaw, nose, and forehead. Usually caused by an adenoma of the pituitary gland
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which causes the patient to excrete large quantities of urine (POLYURIA) and exhibit excessive thirst (POLYDIPSIA)
gigantism
Hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during childhood, leading to excessive growth
growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
Somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood results in dwarfism. If during adulthood, patients may develope obesity and may experience weakness and cardiac difficulties
panhypopituitarism
Deficiency or lack of pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness, and loss of libido; also called SIMMONDS DISEASE
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Oversecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis leaading to severe hyponatremia and the inability to excrete diluted urine
hyperthyroidism
Excessive thyroid hormone production; also called THYROTOXICOSIS, the most common form of which is GRAVE DISEASE, which may be accompanied by exophthalmia
hypothyroidism
Deficient thyroid hormone production. If it occurs during childhood, it causes a condition called CRETINISM, which result in stunted mental and physical growth. The extreme adult form is called MYXEDEMA, which is characterized by facial and orbital edema
hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of parathyroid hormones; symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension, and kidney stones
hypoparathyroidism
Deficient parathyroid hormones production result in tetany, hypocalcemia, irritability, and muscle cramps
addison disease
Insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex is manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, fatigue, and hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes
cushing disease
Excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels that result from inadequate amounts of insulin, resistance to insulin, or a combination of both
gestational diabetes
Insulin resistance acquired during pregnancy. Usually resolves after birth, although some women develop type 2 diabetes later in life
hyperinsulinism
Oversecretion of insulin; seen in some newborns of diabetic mothers. Causes severe hypoglycemia
prediabetes
Acondition in which an individual's blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
type 1 diabetes
Total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections. Thought to be a autoimmune disorder. Previously called INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM)
type 2 diabetes
Deficient insulin production, with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes. Cause unknown but associated with obesity and family history; previously called NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (NIDDM)
pheochromocytoma
Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
prolactinoma
Most common type of pituitary tunor. Causes the pituitary to oversecrete prolactin
thymoma
Noncancerous tumor of epithelial origin that is often associated with myasthenia gravis
islet cell carcinoma
Pancreatic cancer; fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Treated with a Whipple procedure (pancreatoduodenectomy)
malignant thymoma
Rare cancer of the thymus gland
thyroid carcinoma
The most common type of throid carcinoma are follicular and papillary. Both have high 5-year survival rates
A1c
Measure of average bood glucose during a 3-month time span. Used to monitor response to diabetes treatment. Also called GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN or HbA1c
fatsing plasma glucose (FPG)
After a period of fasting, blood is drawn. The amount of glucose present is used to measure the body's ability to break down and use glucose. 100-125 mg/dL = prediabetes; >126 = diabetes. Previously called FASTING BLOOD SUGAR (FBS)
glucometer
An instrument for measurement of blood sugar
hormone test
Measure the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution. May be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
Nuclear medicine tests used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides
thyroid function test (TFTs)
Blood test done to assess T3, T4, and calcitonin. May be used to evaluate abnormalities of throid function
total calcium
Measures the amount of calcium in the blood. Results may be used to asses parathyroid function, calcium metabolism, or cancerous conditions
urinalysis (UA)
Physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
urine glucose
Used as a screen for or to monitor diabtes mellitus; a urine specimen is tested for the presence of glucose
urine ketones
Test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen; may indicate diabetes mellitus or hyperthyroidism
computed tomography (CT) scan
May be used to test to bone density in hypoparathyroidism and the size of the adrenal glands in addison disease
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
May be used to examine changes in the size of soft tissues, for example, the pituitary, pancreas, or hypothalamus
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan
May be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland's ability to concentrate and retain iodine. Useful to test for hyperthyroidism
radiography
X-ray are done to examine suspected endocrine changes that affect the density or thibkness of bone; also may reveal underlying causes of an endocrine disorder
sonography
Aside from visualizing the pancreas, sonography may be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland to discern the differences between solid and fluid-filled cysts
adrenalectomy
Bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion
hypophysectomy
Excision of the pituitary gland; usually done to remove a pituitary tumor
pancreatectomy
Excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove a tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatoduodenectomy
Excision of the head of the pancreas together with the duodenum; used to treat pancreatic cancer. Also called WHIPPLE PROCEDURE
parathyroidectomy
Removal of the parathyroid gland, usually to treat hyperparathyroidism
thyroidectomy
Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication. Removal of most, but not all, of this gland will result in a regrowth of the gland with normal function. If cancer is detected, a