Infection
A major threat and health hazard in all of our health care facilities.
The primary goal of an infection control program
Is to prevent the spread of infection in a health care facility.
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and is caused by a virus called human immunodeficiency virus- transmitted by blood, vaginal fluids, and semen and is not spread through casual contact. May be transmitted through the blood of an infected person that ent
Hepatitis B
This disease is caused by an inflammation of the liver- since health care providers are at risk for exposure, it is essential for standard blood and body fluid precautions to be practiced.
Tuberculosis
This disease is caused by an airborne pathogen. Health care workers that come into contact with patients must wear personal protective equipment, such as special fitted masks.
Nosocomial infections
Any infection that first occurs during a patient's stay at a health-care facility, regardless of whether it is detected during the stay or after,. These infections are usually transmitted to the patient by a health care worker. Proper hand washing techniq
Handwashing
Most important means of preventing the spread of infection
Barrier Protection
Used properly, it will provide protection to the person wearing it; disposed of properly it will assist in the spread of infection. Learning how to put on and remove protective clothing is vital to insure the health and wellness of the person wearing the
PPE's or personal protective equipment include
o Masks
o Goggles
o Face Shields
o Respirator
Infection control
Based on the fact that the transmission of infectious diseases will be prevented or stopped when any level in the chain is broken or interrupted.
Agents
Infectious microorganisms that can be classified into groups namely: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
Portal of exit
The method by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir, the nose, hands, or sneezing
Mode of transmission
Method of transfer
Five main types of mode of transmission
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Vectorborne
A living organism that carries a disease from one infected person to another - such as a mosquito
Portal of entry
An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host- body orifices, mucus membranes, or breaks in the skin
Susceptible host
A person who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection
Isolation Precautions
The CDC recommended universal precautions, which is a method of infection control that assumed that all human blood and body fluids were potentially infectious
Standard Precautions
A set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes), and mucous membranes.
The standard precautions are:
o Consider every person (patient or staff) as potentially infectious and susceptible to infection.
o Wash hands
o Wear gloves (both hands)
Transmission- Based Precautions
The second tier of precautions and are to be used when the patient is known or suspected of being infected with contagious disease.
Contact precautions
Infectious agent (bacteria, virus or parasite) transmitted directly or indirectly from one infected or colonized person to a susceptible host (patient), often on the contaminated hands of a health worker.
Sanitization
The scrubbing of instruments with special brushes and detergent to remove blood, mucous, etc.
Disinfection
The process that destroys pathogenic micro-organisms.
Sterilization
The process of destroying all microbial forms of life - typically an autoclave is used for this along with distilled water.
Airborne precautions
These precautions are designed to reduce the nosocomial transmission of particles 0.001mm or less in size that can remain in the air for several hours and be widely dispersed.
Droplet precautions:
These precautions reduce the risks for nosocomial transmission of pathogens spread wholly or partly by droplets larger than 0.001 mm in size.
Medical Asepsis
The practice to remove or destroy pathogens and to prevent pathogens from spreading form one person or place to another.
Surgical Asepsis
The practice that keeps items free of all microbes.
Vital Signs
Include the heart beat, breathing rate, temperature, and blood pressure. These signs may be watched, measured, and monitored to check an individual's level of physical functioning.
Blood Pressure
120/80 mm/Hg
Breathing
12 - 18 breaths per minute
Pulse
60 - 80 beats per minute (at rest)
Temperature
97.8 - 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit / average 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Thermometers
Used to measure temperature using the Fahrenheit and Centigrade or Celsius scale.
Rectal
98.6Fto 100.6F ( 37.0C to 38.1C )
Oral
97.6F to 99.6F (36.5C to 37.5C)
Axillary
96.6F to 98.6F (35.9C to 37.0C)
Tympanic Membrane
98.6F (37C)
Febrile
Presence of fever
Afebrile
Absence of fever
Fever
Elevated body temperature beyond normal range
Intermittent
Fluctuating fever that returns to or below baseline then rises again
Remittent
Fluctuating fever that remains elevated; it does not return to baseline temperature.
Continuous
A fever that remains constant above the baseline; it does not fluctuate
Pyrexia
Fever!
kg to lbs
multiply by 2.2
Signs of inflammation
redness, warmth, swelling and pain
Pulse Pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic
Blood pressure when the heart is contracting
Diastolic
Blood pressure when the heart is at rest
Average pulse pressure
30-50 mm Hg
Stage I Hypertension
Stage 1 hypertension is a systolic pressure ranging from 140 to 159 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure ranging from 90 to 99 mm Hg.
Stage 2 Hypertension
More severe hypertension, stage 2 hypertension is a systolic pressure of 160 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg or higher.
Tachycardia
Fast heartbeat
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeat
Arrhythmia
Irregular heartbeat
Tachypnea
Fast and shallow respirations
Bradypnea
Slow respirations
Hyperpnea
Fast and deep respirations
Buccal administration
Between the cheek and gum and sublingual administration is placed under the tongue until the drug dissolves.
Transdermal route
Typically in patch form
Intradermal
placed between the upper layers of the skin, subcutaneous is injected into the subcutaneous layer of the skin, and intramuscular is injected into the muscle. Intramuscular medications are given at a 90 degree angle and aspirated.
Analgesics
Relieve mild to severe pain - Tylenol, Aspirin, etc.
Anesthetic
Prevents sensation of pain - Lidocaine, etc
Antibiotic
Kills bacterial microorganisms - Amoxil, ciproflaxin, zithromax etc.
Anticoagulant
Prevent blood from clotting - Lovenox, heparin sodium, warfarin sodium
Diuretic
Reduces blood pressure, increases urine output - various names can be found
Vasoconstrictor
Constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure
Synergist
Two drugs working together
Antagonist
One drug decreases the effect of another
Adverse reactions
Undesirable effects of a particular drug
Weight
Refers to heaviness
Three systems of measurement
Metric, apothecary and household systems
Metric
Is the most commonly used.
Volume
Refers to the amount of space a drug occupies
Liters (Metric)
Are used to measure volumes
Grams (Metric)
Are used to measure weight
Fluid ounces, fluid drams
Apothecary measurements
STAT med order
Needed immediately
PRN med order
Given as needed
Routine med order
A med order that is regularly given
Single med order
One time medication order
Antihistamine
Reduces allergic reactions
Antiemetic
Reduces vomiting
Prefix
Comes before the root word
Root word
Relating to specific body parts
Suffix
Comes after the root word
Combining vowel
Makes the word easier to say
Ventral
Front part of body
Dorsal
Back part of body
Anterior
In front of
Posterior
Toward the back part of body
Medial
Towards the midline of the body
Lateral
Towards the side of the body
Proximal
Closest to the point of origin
Distal
Away from the point of origin
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into front and back portions
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
Anterior (Ventral)
Front surface of the body
Posterior (Dorsal)
Back side of the body
Deep
Away from the surface
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
Inferior
Below another structure
Superior
Above another structure
Medial
Pertaining to the middle of nearer the medial plane of the body
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
Prone
Lying on the belly
No ROM
Most synarthroses are immovable joints held together by fibrous tissue
Limited ROM
Amphiathroses are joints joined together by cartilage that is slightly moveable such as vertebra of the spine or the pubic bone
Full ROM
Diathroses are joints that have free movement- ball and socket joints (Hips) and Hinge joints ( Knees)
Synovial Joints
Free moving joints are surrounded by joint capsules
Bursae
Sacs of fluid that are located between the bones of the joint and the tendons that hold the muscles in place
Extension
To increase the angle of a joint
Flexion
To decrease the angle of a joint
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Adduction
Movement towards the midline
Supination
Turing the palm or foot upward
Pronation
Turning the palm or foot downward
Dorsiflexion
Raising the foot, pulling the toes toward the shin
Normal Anatomic Position
Standing with arms lank and palms forward
Supine Position
Lying on back
Prone Position
Lying on stomach
Lateral recumbent position
Lying on the side
Fowler's Position
In this position the patient is lying, on his/her back, on the bed. The position is considered by many the most comfortable-- it is ideal for treatments and for patients who have difficulty breathing
Prone Position
Used to examine spine and back. Patient lies on abdomen with head turned to one side for comfort. Arms may be above head or alongside body. Cover with sheet or bath blanket.
Sims Position
A position in which the patient lies on one side with the under arm behind the back and the upper thigh flexed, used to facilitate rectal and vaginal examinations, and also for the administration of enemas and treatments. Also called lateral recumbent pos
Trendelenburg Position
The patient is supine on a surface inclined 45 degrees, head at the lower end and legs flexed over the upper end.
Dorsal Recumbent Position
When the patient is on his/her back with knees flexed and soles of the feet flat on the bed. The MA will need to fold a sheet once across the chest and fold a second sheet crosswise over the thighs and legs so that genital area is easily exposed.
Incident Reports
An event that does not normally occur within the regular health care facility routine and may involve patients, visitors, physicians, hospital staff or students.
The following incidents require written reports:
o Accidents
o Thefts from person on hospital property.
o Errors of omission of patient treatment or errors in administration of patient treatment, including medication.
o Exposure to blood and body fluids, as may be caused by a needle stick.
Electrical Safety
1.) avoid using damaged power chords
2.) avoid using any extension chords
3.) avoid any electrical equipment while collecting blood
4.) when available, try and use three pronged plugs
Radiation Safety
1.) time: exposed to source
2.) shielding: if anything is between you and the source of radiation
3.) distance: how far person of object is away from source
First Aid
1.) apply direct pressure to wound until bleeding stops or EMS arrives
2.) if bleeding continues, keep applying cloth or gauze over the ones already on the wound
Shock
common symptoms:
a.) clammy, pale, cold skin
b.) rapid weak pulse
c.) shallow or increased breathing rate
d.) staring eyes and expressionless face
First aid for shock:
a.) maintain open airway
b.) call for assistance
c.) keep patient lying down with head lower than the rest of body
d.) attempt to control bleeding or other cause of shock if known
e.) keep patient warm until help arrives
AHA Chain of Survival
1.) early access to care
2.) early CPR
3.) early defibrillation
4.) advanced care
Hazardous Substances
Any chemical in the workplace that can cause harm.
Compression Rate
AT least 100/min
CAB
CPR Sequence
Compression Depth for Infant
At least 2 inches
Compression Depth for Children
2 inches
Compression Depth for Adults
1 1/2 inches