Consonant Cluster
consonants produced in side-by-side combination
- can be pre or post vocalic
Monophthongs
single vowels
Diphthongs
2 vowels produced with a quick, gliding movement
CV Combinations
syllables and words have different combinations of consonants and vowels depending on the sounds, not alphabet letters
Place of Articulation
refers to the location in the vocal tract where the articulators contact and constrict the place to produce consonants
- classification is based on the primary articulators that make contact
- bilabials
- labiodentals
- linguadentals
- alveolar
- palatal
Manner of Articulation
refers to how the airstream that passes through the vocal tract is modified to produce consonants
Voicing
result of the vibration of the vocal folds
Phonological Patterns
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Syllable Structure Patterns
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Reduction Processes
make words shorter
Final Consonant Deletion
omission of a final consonant of the target word
- Ex: k^ for cup
Initial Consonant Deletion
omission of a single consonant in the word's initial position
- Ex: "olor" for color
Consonant Cluster Reduction
consonant cluster is simplified by omitting 1-2 sounds
- wimming
Consonant Cluster Deletion
consonant cluster is completely omitted
- imming
Coalescence
characteristics of features from two adjacent sounds are combine so that one sound replaces the other 2 sounds
- Ex: fimming
Unstressed Syllable Deletion
omission of an unstressed syllable of the target words
- Ex: medo for tomato
Reduplication
production of two identical syllables based on one or more of the syllables of the target word
- Ex: baba
Diminutization
addition of /i/ to a word
- Ex: /dali/ for doll
Epenthesis
process that results in insertion of a schwa between two consonants
- Ex: b?lu for blue
Metathesis
the reversal of position of two sounds
- Ex: /�ks/ for ask
Assimilation Processes
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Consonant Harmony
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Labial Assimilation
nonlabial consonant is replaced by a labial consonant in a context containing a labial consonant
- often alveolars to labial
- Ex: dare to bare
Velar Assimilation
alveolar sound changes to become more like a velar consonant
- /gog/ for goat
- /k^g/ for cup
Nasal Assimilation
assimilation of a non-nasal sound to a nasal consonant
- /non/ for nose
- /na?/ for long
Voicing Assimilation
assimilation of an unvoiced consonant to a voiced consonant
- Ex: 'doad' for toad
Alveolar Assimilation
a non-alveolar sound is changed to an alveolar sound because of the influence of another alveolar sound in the word
- /sut/ for soup
Prevocalic Voicing
a voiceless sound preceding a vowel becomes voiced
- /bai/ for pie
- /zut/ for suit
Postvocalic devoicing
a voiced consonant following a vowel becomes voiceless
- /pik/ for pig
Substitution Process
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Stopping
a fricative is replaced by a stop
- /p�t/ for fat
Gliding
a liquid is replaced by a glide
- /w�bit/ for rabbit
Backing
sounds are substituted by other sounds produced farther back in the oral cavity
- /kap/ for top
Fronting
sounds are substituted by other sounds produced farther front
- /b?d/ for beg
Velar Fronting
a velar is replaced by an alveolar or a dental
- /t^m/ for gum
Affrication
fricatives are replaced by affricates
- "joor" for door
Deaffrication
affricates are replaced by fricatives
- /t?r/ for chair
Vocalization
liquids, nasals, or er are replaced by vowels
- /tebo/ for table
Denasalization
nasals are replaced by homorganic stops
- /b�n/ for man
Glottalization
glottal stops replace sounds usually in either intervocalic or final position
- /cog/ for cot
Depalatalization
substitution of an alveolar fricative for a palatal affricate
- /dane/ for jane
Other Phonological Patterns
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Multiple Pattern Occurrence
more than one or two phonological processes
Unusual Pattern Occurrence
difficult to describe
Systematic Sound Preferences
- child likes to use certain sounds a lot, uses them well, but can't use other sounds
- limited sound repertoire
Stimulability
- provide model -> can child produce sound correctly?
- compared to peers, how is the child doing?
Patterns Developmentally Disappearing by Age 3
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Patterns Persisting Beyond Age 3
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Phonological Awareness
the ability to reflect on and manipulate the structure of an utterance as distinct from its meaning
- includes:
- rhyme knowledge
- blending
- segmentation
Rhyme Knowledge
(4-5 years)
- judgment/matching
- detection
- production
Blending & Segmentation
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Phoneme Identity
(alliteration)
- initial sounds in words
Manipulation
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Acquisition of Phonological Awareness
1) awareness of syllables and words
2) awareness of onsets and rimes
3) awareness of phonemes
Emerging skill from 3-4 Years of age
Traditional Error Analysis
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Order of Description Traditional Error Analysis
SODA of a phoneme in initial, medial, or final position
Substitution
when one phoneme is substituted for another
Omission
when a phoneme is left of the production of a word
- makes child less intelligible
Distortion
incorrect production of a sound because of a neurological or motor problem
Addition
when and extra phoneme is added to the production of a syllable or a word