med term ch 16 oncology

path/o

disease

blast/o

embryo

mut/a

change

nod/o

node

onc/o

tumor

ana-

prefix
up, apart

apo-

prefix
away from

dys-

prefix abnormal
(not para-)

ecto-

prefix
outer

endo-

prefix
within

extra-

prefix
outside

hyper-

prefix
excessive

meso-

prefix
middle

meta-

prefix
beyond, change

neo-

prefix
new

-carcinoma

suffix
cancer of epithelial origin

-genesis

suffix
production, origin

-oma

suffix
tumor, mass

-plasia

suffix
condition of formation

-plasm

suffix
formation

-ptosis

suffix
falling

-sarcoma

suffix
connective tissue cancer

-stasis

suffix
controlling, stopping

AFP

tumor marker
increased levels may indicate liver or testicular cancer

B2M

tumor marker
beta-2 microglobulin
levels are elevated in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia

BTA

tumor marker
bladder tumor antigen
present in the urine of patients with bladder cancer

CA125

tumor marker
used for ovarian cancer detection and management

CA15-3

tumor marker
levels are measured to determine the stage of breast cancer

CA19-9

tumor marker
levels are elevated in stomach, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers

CA27-29

tumor marker
used to monitor breast cancer; especially useful in testing for reoccurrences

CEA

tumor marker
monitors colorectal cancer when the disease has spread or after treatment to measure the patient's response

hCG

tumor marker
used as a screen for choriocarcinoma and testicular and ovarian cancers

NSE

tumor marker
used to measure the stage and/or patient's response to treatment of small cell cancer and neuroblastoma

en bloc resection

removal of the cancerous tumor and the lymph nodes

lumpectomy

removal of the tumor only

lymph node dissection

removal of clinically involved lymph nodes

lymph node mapping

determines a pattern of spread from the primary tumor site through the lymph nodes

sentinel node

first node in which lymphatic drainage occurs in a particular area

radical mastectomy

removal of the breast containing the cancer, along with the lymph nodes and the muscle under the breast

margins

borders of normal tissue surrounding the cancer

wide margin resection

cancer is removed with a significant amount of tissue around the tumor to ensure that all cancer cells are removed
margins negative = no cancer cells seen
margins positive = cancer cells detected by the pathologist

simple mastectomy

removal of the breast containing the cancer

3DCRT

3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy
targeted radiation therapy that uses digital diagnostic imaging and specialized software to treat tumors without damaging surrounding tissue

brachytherapy

the use of radiation placed directly on or within the cancer through the use of needles or beads containing radioactive gold, cobalt, or radium

gamma knife surgery

a noninvasive type of surgery that uses gamma radiation to destroy a brain tumor

IMRT

intensity-modulated radiation therapy
high-dosage radiation delivered via a beam that changes its dosage and shape

bone marrow transplant

abbr BMT
patients who are incapable of producing healthy blood cells are given bone marrow from a matching donor to stimulate normal blood cell growth

chemotherapy

circulation of cancer-destroying medicine throughout the body
may also be used as an adjuvant to other forms of treatment to relieve symptoms or slow down the spread of cancer

CAM techniques

complementary and alternative medicine techniques include prayer, massage, diet, exercise, and mind-body techniques constitute the majority of CAM methods

immunotherapy

use of the body's own defense system to attack cancer cells

vaccines

two are currently in use to prevent specific cancers
hep B vaccine prevents hep B with its sequelae of liver cancer and cirrhosis
cervical cancer vaccine protects a woman against strains 16 and 18 of the human papilloma virus

alkylating agents

drugs that interfere with DNA replication to lead to cancer cell death or dysfunction
cisplatin, carmustine, cyclophosphamide

antimetabolites

drugs that replace compounds that cancer cells need to grow and/or replicate
5-FU

antineoplastic antibiotics

drugs that prevent or delay cell replication
doxorubicin, dactinomycin

antineoplastic hormones

drugs that interfere with receptors for growth-stimulating proteins
flutamide, tamoxifen

interleukins

drugs that stimulate cells of the immune system to boost attacks on cancer cells
aldesleukin

mitotic inhibitors

drugs that prevent cell division
paclitaxel

vinca alkaloids

drugs that prevent formation of chromosome spindles necessary for cell duplication
vincristine, vinblastine