endocrine
to secrete within
endocrinology
the study of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
hypophys/o, pituitar/o
gland
aden/o
lobe
lob/o
hypothalamus
under thalamus
thyroid gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
calcium
calc/o
parathyroid gland
parathyroid/o
adrenal gland
adren/o
suprarenal
pertaining to above the kidney
cortex
cortic/o
medulla
medull/o
pancreas
pancreat/o
exocrine
to secrete outward
glucose, sugar
gluc/o, glyc/o
ketone
ket/o, keton/o
thymus gland
thym/o
anorexia
lack of appetite
exophthalmia
protrusion of eyeballs from their orbits
glucosuria
presence of glucose in the urine
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
hirsutism
abnormal hairiness, especially in women
hypocalcemia
condition of deficient calcium in the blood
hyopglycemia
condition of deficient sugar in the blood
hypokalemia
condition of deficient potassium in the blood
hyponatremia
condition of deficient sodium in the blood
ketoacidosis
excessive number of ketone acids in the bloodstream
ketonuria
presence of ketones in urine
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as prickling
polydipsia
condition of excessive thirst
polyphagia
condition of excessive appetite
polyuria
condition of excessive urination
tetany
continuous muscle spasms
acromegaly
hypersecretion of somatotropin from the adenohypophysis during adulthood; leads to enlargement of the extremities, jaw, nose, and forehead
diabetes insipidus
deficiency of ADH, which causes the patient to excrete large quantities of urine and exhibit excessive thirst
gigantism
hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during childhood, leading to excessive growth
growth hormone deficiency
somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood results in dwarfism
panhypopituitarism
deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness and loss of libido
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
oversecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis leading to severe hyponatremia and the inability to excrete diluted urine
Hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroid hormone production; also called thyrotoxicosis
hyopthyroidism
deficient thyroid hormone production
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of PTH; symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension and kidney stones
hypoparathyroidism
deficient PTH production results in tetany; hypocalcemia, irritability and muscle cramps
Addision disease
insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex is manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, fatigue and hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes
Cushing disease
Excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia and muscle wasting
diabetes mellitus
DM is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels that result from inadequate amounts of insulin, resistance to insulin or a combination of both
type 1 diabetes
lack of insulin production
type 2 diabetes
deficient insulin production with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes
hyperinsulinism
oversecretion of insulin
gestational diabetes
insulin resistance acquired during pregnancy
prediabetes
a condition in which an individual's blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
pheochormocytoma
usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
prolactinoma
most common type of pituitary tumor
thymoma
noncancerous tumor of epithelial origin that is often associated with myasthenia gravis
islet cell carcinoma
also called pancreatic cancer
malignant thymoma
rare cancer of the thymus gland
thyroid carcinoma
the most common type of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary
A1c
measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span. Used to monitor response to diabetes treatment
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
After a period of fasting, blood is drawn. The amount of glucose present is used to measure the body's ability to breakdown and use glucose
glucometer
an instrument for measurement of blood sugar
hormone tests
measure the amount of ADH, cortisol, GH or PTH in the blood
oral glucose tolerance test (ORTT)
blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution. May be used to diagnose DM or gestational diabetes
radioimmunoassay (RIA) studies
nuclear medicine tests used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides
thyroid function tests (TFT)
Blood tests done to assess T3, T4 and calcitonin
total calcium
measures the amount of calcium in the blood
urinalysis (UA)
physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine
urine glucose
used as a screen for or to monitor DM
urine ketones
test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen; may indicate DM or hyperthyroidism
CT scan
may be used to test for bone density in hypoparathyroidism and the size of the adrenal glands in Addison disease
MRI
may be used to examine changes in the size of soft tissues
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan
may be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland's ability to concentrate and retain idodine
radiography
x-rays are done to examine suspected endocrine changes that affect the density or thickness of bone
sonography
aside from visualizing the pancreas, sonography may be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland to discern the differences between solid and fluid-filled cysts
adrenalectomy
bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion
hypophysectomy
excision of the pituitary gland, usually done to remove a pituitary tumor
pancreatectomy
excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove a tumor or to treat the intractable inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatoduodenectomy
excision of the head of the pancreas together with the duodenum; used to treat pancreatic cancer
parathyroidectomy
removal of the parathyroid gland, usually to treat hyperparathyroidism
throidectomy
removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumor or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication