crust, mantle, and core
three main layers of earth
compositional layer
composed of the crust, mantle, and core
mechanical layer
composedof the lithospehere, astenospehere, mesosphere, inner core, and outer core
crust and upper mantle
make up the lithosphere
lithosphere
rigid outer part of the planet
crust
outermost layer and made up of solid materials and minerals
volcanoes, valleys, and mountain ranges
these are formed in the crust
mohorovicic discontinuity
boundary between crust and mantle
mohorovicic, conroad, repetti, gutenburg, and lehmann
discontinuities
conroad
upper mantle and lower crust
repetti
upper and lower mantle
gutenberg
core and mantle
lehmann
outer and inner core
eurasian, african, australian, south american, north american, antarctic, and pacific
main plates
mantle
consists of semiliquid rock
viscous liquid state
combination of high pressure and heat cause the mantle to be in a..?
tectonic plates
are in constant motion in the mantle
earth's crust
the motion, though extremely slow, has produced many visible changes on...?
crust
not a solid shell; broken up into huge, thick plates that drift atop the soft, underlying mantle
core
extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and temperature
inner core
solid
outer core
believed to be liquid or have liquid properties
earth's strong magnetic field
convection of the liquid outer core and the light portion of the inner core is partly responsible for...?
earth's lithospshere
broken into several tectonic plates, which move at an extremely slow pace
tectonic plates interact
most volcanoes can be found in areas where...?
small areas
other volcanoes can be found in clusters in...?
100,00
geologists estimate that there are more than _____ active and inactive volcanoes on Earth
alpine-himalayan belt and circum-pacific belt
most active volcanoes are located in two volcanic belts called...?
ring of fire
circum-pacific belt is also known as...?
ring of fire
outlines the major trenches in the pacific ocean; an active volcanic and seismic zone
alpine-himalayan belt
reveals the collision of the African and Indo-Australian plates with the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate
mediterranean area eastward through turkey and the middle east, north of india, and onto the indonesian islands
the alpine-himalyan belt extends from...?
sicily, italy, the aegean sea, asia minor, the indian ocean, southeast asia, and indonesia
the alpine-himalayan belt includes the volcanoes of...?
ring of fire
consists of the world's active volcanoes, inlcuding those in new zealnd, new guinea, philippines, japan, the kamchatka peninsula of russia, alaska, the western region of the inited states, central america, the western region of south america, and the nume
tectonic activity
locations of volcanoes are associated with...?
mount st. helens and mount pinatubo
two of the world's most explosive volcanoes and are located on convergent boundaries
washington, usa
location of mount st. helens
philippines
location of mount pinatubo
convergent boundaries
plates colliding
iceland and hawaii
volcanic islands, such as those in _____, are also typical in convergent boundaries
manila trench to the west
the volcanic arc, which mount pinatubo is located, was formed due to the sliding of the...?
philippine plate and eurasian plate
move toward each other, forcing the magma to rise to the surface
volcano
produces smoke before it erupts
crystals
when the smoke coming from the volcano reaches the atmosphere, it becomes...?
collision of crystals producing electricity
reason for lightning after a volcanic eruption
magma
molten rock beneath the earth's surface
lava
magma that reaches Earth's surface
mount toba
most destructive volcano in the world
indonesia
location of mount toba
active volcano
usually associated with seismic activity, presence of hot water spring, and changes in the elevation of the volcano's crater
any time
an active volcano may erupt at...?
dormant volcano
has not erupted but may erupt based on seismic indications of tectonic activity beneath the volcano
extinct volcano
a volcano that is not active or has not erupted for a long time
bulusan
volcano in sorsogon
march 2, 2017
latest eruption of bulusan
kanlaon
volcano in negros oriental
december 9, 2017
latest eruption of kanlaon
mayon
volcano on bicol
january 24, 2018
latest eruption of mayon
pinatubo
volcano in zambales
august 16, 1992
latest eruption of pinatubo
taal
volcano in batangas
january 12, 2020
latest eruption of taal
philippines
has several small plates found between convergent plates
23
how many active volcanoes are in the philippines?
located in the pacific ring of fire
reason why the philippines is known for deadly and destructive volcanoes
lahar
another hazard of volcanic activities, which can be triggered by heavy rainfall
8 minutes
the mayon eruption lasted for...?
700 meters
the lava of the mayon eruption was thrown out of the volcano ____ into the atmosphere
9 km radius
the mayon eruption's danger zone was extended to...?
more than 10 days
the mayon eruption's lava and a cloud of ash spewed out of the volcano for ____ prior to its eruption
40,000 - 60,500
the mayon eruption incident forced more than _____ residents to flee their homes and around ____ people were displaces
level 4
_____ on a scale of 5 was raised before the mayon eruption
10km
the mayon eruption's huge plume of smoke reached ___ into the sky
1250�C
large eruptions may release huge amounts of lava, with temperature that can reach as high as...?
ash, dust, and toxic gases
emitted during volcanic eruption that pose health problems, particularly lung problems, among infants and the elderly
260,000 - 300
scientists estimate that more than ____ lives have been lost in the past ___ because of volcanic eruptions and their aftermath
fires, floods, landslides, earthquakes, and other natural disasters
often associated with volcanic eruptions
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
geological events that occur mostly in the same regions and are bought thought to be associated with the movements of plates
earthquake
series of seismic waves traveling through earth and is a result of a sudden release of energy
seismic waves
body waves that radiate outward in all directions from the center to earth's interior
surface and interior of the earth
some seismic waves travel along the...?
volcanic eruptions
accompanied by earthquakes
earthquake epicenters and volcanoes
found along the edges of tectonic plates
magma rising and plate movements
can trigger earthquake
faults
cracks on earth's crust
west valley fault/marikina fault valley
longest fault in the philippines
future volcanoes
magma may be forced out of these cracks, possibly forming...?
focus/hypocenter
point within earth where an earthquake rupture starts
magnitude
how strong the earthquake is
intensity
damage caused by the earthquake
epicenter
geographic point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
670 km
the focus is usually located at depths of about ___ below the surface
the greater the damage of an earthquake
the closer the focus to the surface...?
deep rock formations and surface topography
can sometimes focus and amplify seismic waves to produce localized damage
located in the ring of fire
reason why the philippines is prone to earthquakes
boundaries of grinding plates
earthquakes that have occurred all over the world are usually located along...?
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PHIVOLCS
poor construction of buildings
a majority of deaths and injuries can be attributed to _____ that cannot withstand earthquakes with a magnitude of about 8.0
fire
another hazard associated with earthquakes in densely populated areas
huge waves or tsunamis
earthquakes may also put coastal communities at risk to ____
tsunamis
can travel as fast as 800km/h and can carry large ships in inland harbor
landslides and mudslides
may also occur after an earthquake, especially in mountainous regions where sliding rocks can gain speed and flow into nearby villages
before the earthquake
know the hazards, know the evacuation area, prepare your house or workplace, prepare an emergency supply kit, learn to use, participate during drills
during the earthquake
drop, cover, hold on; stay calm and alert, move to an open area, move quickly to higher grounds, move away from steep slopes, stop if inside a moving vehicle
after the earthquake
evacuate, expect aftershocks, be updated, put-out small fires using fire extinguisher, check yourself and others for injuries
poor constructions of buildings, fire, and tsunamis
earthquake hazards
landslides and mudslides
earthquake secondary hazards
emergency kit
should include food supplies, medicines, personal items, and important documents
mountain
landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft) from its surrounding area
plates move toward one another and crust is subjected to immense forces
most mountains form in areas where...?
plate movements
cause landforms to rise to height of up to thousand meters
mount everest
highest mountain on earth with an elevation of 8848m (29035 ft) above sea level
mount apo
highest mountain the philippines
mount pulag
third highest mountain in the philippines
tibet and nepal
mount everest is located in the border between...?
3600 m (12000ft)
the actual height of mount everest from its base to its peak
peak of a mountain
height of its summit above the surrounding terrain
isolation or groups
mountains may exist in...?
mountain range
chain of mountains
pressure of converging plates
can form mountain ranges
Himalayas Mountain Range
highest mountain range in the world
Indian plate and Eurasian plate
himalayas mountain range was formed due to the collision of...?
sierra madre mountain range
longest mountain range in the Philippines
backbone of northern luzon
sierra madre mountain ranges is known as the...?
mountain belts
long chains of mountain ranges combine to form...?
andes mountains
a mountain range that span seven south american countries