The sodium-potassium exchange pump uses ATP to pump out ____ Na+ and pump in _______ K+.
3, 2
list the ion permeability of K+, Na+, and Cl- respectively
1.0, 0.04, 0.45
The _________ equation examines the permeability of one ion in vito while the __________ equation examines the permeability of multiple ions in vito.
Nerst, Goldman
What is the threshold for starting an action potential?
-55 mV
The voltage-gated sodium channels are made up of 2 types of subunits. The ________ subunit contain all element for the functioning channel while the _____ subunit are required for the proper orientation of the former subunit.
alpha, beta
The alpha-subunit of the voltage-gate sodium channel contains ______ domains, each with _____ transmembrane segments.
4, 6
The transmembrane segment ____ serves as the voltage sensor while the ________ and _________ transmembrane segments form the channel pore and therefore determine ion specificity.
S4, S5, S6
Which alpha-subunit domains of the voltage-gated sodium channels contain the inactivation domains?
D3, D4
The (ARP/ RRP) occurs over the duration of the action potential, starting after the voltage-gated Na+ channels open at -55 mV and ends at resting membrane potential of -70 mV.
ARP
The (ARP/ RRP) occurs during the hyperpolarization process of the action potential.
RRP
The premotor neurons of the spinal cord hold two main neurotransmitters. ____________ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter while __________ is the priniciple inhibitory neurotransmitter. (give anagram when applicable)
Glutamate, GABA
There are two types of glutamate receptors. The _________ ones mediate rapid responses while _______ receptors mediate long term activation.
ionotropic, metabotropic
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are (ligand/ voltage) gated (selective/ non-selective) ion channels with a structure similar to the Na+ gated ones.
ligand, non-selective
(spatial/ temporal) summation is the causation of an AP by the release of multiple premotor nerve terminals close together. (spatial/ temporal) summation is the causation of AP by the rapid release of a premotor neuron.
spatial, temporal
The GABA receptor is a (ionotropic/ ligand) receptor that forms a ______ channnel.
ionotropic, Cl-
Each subunit of the GABA receptor has 4 transmembrane segments. Which one forms the part of the ion channel?
S2
GABAr is a pentamer composed of ___ alpha subunit(s), ___ beta subunit(s), and _______ gamma subunit(s).
2,2,1