0-8 months
At what age is a child in the perlocutionary period of development?
perlocutionary period
Which linguistic stage/period is being described?
- unintentional
- infant interpreted as communicative
Illocutionary period
Which linguistic stage/period is being described?
- intentional--purposefully communicative
- sends intentional messages nonverbally
9-12 months
At what age is a child in the illocutionary period of development?
reflexive vocalizations
cooing
vocal play
babbling
What are the four different types of vocalizations that are seen in the perlocutionary period?
reflexive vocalizations
What is being described?
- sounds reflect automatic responses of body
--Defined by the anatomy of the child such as burping, crying, sneezing and coughing.
--nasalized vowel-like sounds with minimal resonance
0 to 2 months
What age do infants typically use reflexive vocalizations?
cooing
What is being described?
- sounds are made in the back of the mouth such as back vowels /u, ?, o, ?, a/ and/or back consonants such as /k, g, ng/
2 to 4 months
At what age are infants typically cooing?
vocal play
What is being described?
- raspberries, growls, squeaks
- beginning to use CV syllables
4 to 6 months
At what age are infants typically using vocal play?
babbling
What is being described?
- infant is using CVCV syllable chains such as /dada/
- infant is using CV chains with variations in cs and vs
6+ months
At what age are infants typically babbling?
reduplicated babbling
What is being described?
infants are using CVCV syllable chains such as /dada/
variegated babbling
What is being described?
infants are using CV chains with variations in cs and vs
emergence of speech patterns
What is typically happening during the illocutionary period?
9+ months
What age are infants usually considered in the illocutionary period?
jargon
child produces long strings of variegated babbling
babbling is accompanied by sentence like intonation patterns
phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)
What are some observable characteristics of emerging speech patterns in the illocutionary period?
12 months
At what age are infants typically producing their first words?
50
How many words (on average) will an 18 month old have in their expressive vocabulary?
200 to 300
How many words (on average) will an 24 month old have in their expressive vocabulary?
1,000
How many words (on average) will a 3 year old have in their expressive vocabulary?
2,200 to 2,500
How many words (on average) will a 5 year old have in their expressive vocabulary?
50,000
How many words (on average) will a 12 year old have in their expressive vocabulary?
birth to 3 months
What is the age is being described?
Receptive milestones:
- quiets/smiles in response to sound
- startles to loud sounds
birth to 3 months
What is the age being described?
Expressive milestones:
- cries for basic daily needs
- coos and smiles
4 to 6 months
What is the age being described?
Receptive milestones:
- responds to changes in voice tone
- eye contact in direction of sound
4 to 6 months
What is the age being described?
Expressive milestones:
- laughs/makes sound for emotions
- babbling and cooing
7 to 12 months
What is the age being described?
Receptive milestones:
- recognizes own name being called
- comprehends simple words/phrases
- points to named objects/pictures
7 to 12 months
What is the age being described?
Expressive milestones:
- points to objects/shows them to others
- simple gestures to communicate
- first words begin to emerge in the later
1 to 2 years
What age is being described?
Receptive milestones:
- follows 1-step directions
- understands simple questions
- understands simple sentences
1 to 2 years
What age is being described?
Expressive milestones:
- puts 2 words together
- says social words such as "hello"
- asks simple wh questions
2 to 3 years
What age is being described?
Receptive milestones:
- follows 2 step directions
- understands simple opposites (big/little)
- understands most simple sentences
2 to 3 years
What age is being described?
Expressive milestones:
- puts up to 3 words together
- asks why
- simple prepositions (in, on)
3 to 4 years
What age is being described?
Receptive milestones:
- simple concepts such as colors and shapes
- responds to name from another room
- understands most simple questions
Expressive milestones:
- puts up to 4 words together
- asks when and how
- simple prono
4 to 5 years
What age is being described?
Receptive milestones:
- understands order words (first, last)
- follows longer multi-step directions
Expressive milestones:
- tells short stories/keeps conversation
- code switches based on listener/place
stage I
Which of Brown's stages is being described?
- 15 to 30 months old
- combines basic words such as "that car" "more juice" and "give it
stage II
Which of Brown's stages is being described?
- 27 to 30 months old
- uses present progressive -ing
- uses in and on and
- regular plural s
Some examples:
present progressive -ing: "car moving"
in and on: "in house" "on shelf"
regular plural s: "my dogs
stage III
Which of Brown's stages is being described?
- 31 to 34 months old
- uses irregular past tense ("me drew")
- possessive 's ("daddy's shoe")
- uncontractible copula ("This IS mine")
stage IV
Which of Brown's stages is being described?
- 35-40 months old
- uses articles such as a and the "I want A drink"
- regular past tense ("He danced")
- third person regular present tense ("She climbS")
stage V
Which of Brown's stages is being described?
- 41 to 46+ months old
- Uses third person irregular ("He DOES")
- uncontractible auxiliary ("She WAS jumping")
- contractible copula (SHE'S here)
- contractible auxiliary (IT'S snowing)
10
How many morphemes are in the following example?
The greatest soccer team won the game last night
9
How many morphemes are in the following example?
He was sleeping on his brother's couch
1 to 2
What is the average MLU range for 12 to 26 month olds?
2 to 2.5
What is the average MLU range for 27 to 30 month olds?
2.5 to 3
What is the average MLU range for 31 to 34 month olds?
3 to 3.75
What is the average MLU range for 35 to 40 month olds?
3.75 to 4.5
What is the average MLU range for for 41 to 46 month olds?
4.5 +
What is the average MLU range for 47 + month olds?
60+ years old
At what age is it typical for normal decline in function to be experienced throughout the body?
age-related hearing loss
What is presbycusis?
age-related vision loss
What is presbyopia?
age-related voice changes
What is presbyphonia?
age-related swallowing changes
What is presbyphagia?
presbycusis
Which age-related condition is being described?
- sensorineural hearing loss
- high frequency loss is often a result of hair cell damage
presbyopia
Which age related change is being described?
- farsightedness
- treatment is usually reading glasses
higher
For men, presbyphonia often results in _____ pitch
lower
For women presbyphonia often results in _____ pitch
true
True or false: Presbyphonia often results in voice becoming weaker and more breathy
reduced loudness and vocal endurance
Please describe how loudness and vocal endurance may present itself for someone with presbyphonia
decreased lingual pressure
slower swallow response
What are some examples of the results of decreased strength for those with presbyphagia
laryngeal penetration (across all ages, more frequent with aged individuals. Materials often enter the laryngeal vestibule but do not reach the level of the vocal folds)
decreased sensation (may result in changes and or loss in taste)
What are some other ways that presbyphagia may present itself other than decreased strength?
smaller, slower and more fatigued muscle movement
may have some voice changes as a result
What are some general changes in motor skills throughout the body that occur as a result of aging that are not considered to be disordered?
difficulty recalling new information and/or specific details
difficulty multitasking and executive function tasks
What are some cognitive changes that are a result of aging and not necessarily disordered?
false, language typically remains intact
True or false: Language typically deteriorates during the aging process
because many medical diseases, disorders and or injuries negatively impact normal aging
Why is it important for SLPs to know what is normal aging vs. disordered?
language
Social, rule-governed tool used to send and receive messages
listening and reading
Which are considered to be part of receptive language?
- listening
- speaking
- writing
- reading
speaking and writing
Which are considered to be part of expressive language?
- listening
- speaking
- writing
- reading
receptive
Does expressive or receptive language develop first?
receptive language
What type of language includes vocabulary, questions concepts, and following directions?
expressive language
What type of language includes words, nonverbal communication such as gestures, pointing and facial expressions?
form, content and use
What are the three components of language?
phonology
syntax
morphology
Language form includes:
semantics
Language content includes:
pragmatics
Language use includes:
phonology
speech sounds
syntax
word order and sentence structure
morphology
units of meaning involved in word formation
semantics
word meaning and how word meanings link together
pragmatics
social rules of language and matching language to different situations
nativist theory
Which theory of development is being described?
The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity
nativist/generative view
Which theory of development thought that infants were born with a language acquisition device (LAD) and that language is separate from other cognitive systems?
Noam Chomsky
Who was responsible for developing the Nativist theory of language development which includes universal grammar and LAD?
nature
Is the Nativist theory considered nature or nurture based?
Constructionist and Interactionist
What are two language development theories that are based off of the importance of nurture?
Interactionist Theory
Which language theory is being described?
The notion that biological factors and environmental influences interact to determine the course of language development
constructivism theory
Which language theory is being described?
Emphasizes students' ability to solve real-life problems and make new meaning through reflection
false; both constructivism and interactionists believe that environment places a major role in guiding language
True or false: Both constructivism and interactionists believe that language is innate and pre-specified
- focus strictly on syntax (no single formal grammar seems adequate to account for all languages)
- no evidence that children need the adult-like rules and categories to acquire language
- non-literal language (i.e. idioms)
What are some of the limitations of the Nativist view?
evidence for nature
Is the following information supporting evidence for nature or nurture language development theories?
- even deaf babies will babble
- aspects of language that we are not taught directly yet we learn anyway such as grammar rules
- children follow sequence
evidence for nurture
Is operant conditioning supporting evidence for nature or nurture theories of language development?
Piaget
Who is responsible for the development of the Cognitive theory?
cognitive theory (piaget)
Which language theory is being described?
- children learn language like other cognitive skills (Concepts first, then language)
- language is made possible by cognition and other intellectual processes
- observe child in play to determine their level of r
semantic theory (filmore, bloom)
Which language theory is being described?
- interpretation of messages requires consideration of meaning
- acquisition stimulated by child's desire to communicate and knowledge
Behavioral theory (Skinner)
Which language theory is being described?
- children learn language through conditioning (they only learn what they are exposed to)
- stimulus-response drives language acquisition
- drill and practice--reinforcement
Social Interactionism
Which language theory is being described?
- encourages social interactions
- desire to communicate and use of language drives acquisition
- incorporate caregivers and multiple environments into learning
Emergentist theory
Which language theory is being described?
- data and pattern drive, child's ability to use cues develops over time
- neurologically based
critical period hypothesis
What is being described?
A hypothesis that suggests that children must have adequate stimuli before the critical age of 5-7 years old or full command of language cannot be acheived
phonology
Which component of language has the shortest optimal/critical period where the infant should be exposed in the first years of life to have native accent within language?
metalinguistic
paralingusitic
nonlinguistic
What are the three components that make up extralinguistics?
respiration
phonation
resonation
articulation
What are the subsystems that make up speech?
form
content
use
What are the three components of language?
respiration
Which speech subsystem is being described?
- power and energy for speech sounds
- inhalation is when the diaphragm contracts and air rushes into the lungs, and the abdomen expands and then the chest expands
- exhalation is when the diaphragm relaxes forci
phonation
Which speech subsystem is being described?
- creation of voice sounds
- caused by rapid vibration of the vocal folds when air passes between them
pitch
The frequency of the vocal vibration
loudness
The intensity of vocal sound
resonation
Phonation is enhanced by the air-filled cavities which passes on its way to the outside air. Pharynx, nasopharynx, nasal cavity and oral cavity all play a large role in this speech subsystem
articulation
shaping and manipulation voice production into distinct sounds and later into words. made up of the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, tongue, hard palate, soft palate/velum
p, b, m, n, w & h
Which phonemes are typically developed in children 0 to 3 years old?
k, g, d
Which phonemes are typically developed in children 2 to 4 years old?
t and ng
Which phonemes are typically developed in children 2 to 6 years old?
f and y
Which phonemes are typically developed in children 2.5 to 4 years old?
/r, l/
Which phonemes are typically developed in children 3 to 6 years old?
s
Which phoneme/s are typically developed in children 3 to 8 years old?
/ch, sh/
Which phonemes are typically developed in children 3.5 to 7 years old?
z
Which phoneme/s are typically developed in children 3.5 to 8 years old?
j
Which phoneme/s are typically developed in children 4 to 7 years old?
v
Which phoneme/s are typically developed in children 4 to 8 years old?
voice
Consonant sounds are classified by 3 dimensions...which of the three is being described below?
activity of vocal folds
place
Consonant sounds are classified by 3 dimensions...which of the three is being described below?
point of contact where sound is produced
manner
Consonant sounds are classified by 3 dimensions...which of the three is being described below?
configuration/interaction between articulators
voiced
voiceless
What are the two variations of voicing for consonant sounds?
labial
labio-dental
lingua-dental
alveolar
palatal
velar
glottal
What are the 7 variations of consonant placements?
stop
fricative
affricates
nasal
liquid
glide
What are the 6 variations of consonant manner?
p
Voiceless labial stop
b
voiced labial stop
m
voiced labial nasal
w
voiced labial glide
f
voiceless labiodental fricative
v
voiced labio-dental fricative
?
voiceless lingua-dental fricativd
�
voiced lingua-dental fricative
t
voiceless alveolar stop
d
voiced alveolar stop
s
voiceless alveolar fricative
z
voiced alveolar fricative
n
voiced alveolar nasal
l & r
voiced alveolar liquid
?
voiceless palatal fricative
t?
voiceless palatal affricate
?
Voiced palatal fricative
d?
voiced palatal affricate
j
voiced palatal glide
k
voiceless velar stop
g
voiced velar stop
?
voiced velar nasal
h
voiceless glottal fricative
sonorants
produced with uninterrupted air
consonantal
partial or complete obstruction of airflow
continuants
flow of air is not blocked in oral cavity
sibilants
high frequency sounds
stridents
produced by forcing air through small opening
obstruents
produced by some type of air obstruction
(stops, fricatives, affricates)
nasals
lower velum and air flow through nasal cavity with closure of oral cavity
semi vowel
constriction in vocal tract, no turbulence
stops
complete vocal tract closure (pressure builds up) sudden release of constriction
fricative
air through small whole or gap in mouth
affricates
sudden release of construction, turbulence noise
liquid
tongue produced partial closure in mouth
glide
consonants with no stop or friction
labial
obstruction at the lips
alveolar
top of tongue to hard ridge behind upper front teeth
palatal
front part of tongue to/near hard palate at roof of mouth
velar
back of tongue to/near velum/soft palate