What is the scientific method and what are the steps involved?
-The scientific method is the way scientists get from asking a question to finding an answer.
-Form a Observation, hypothesis, conduct research to collect data, interpret results, develop a theory
What is the main cause of food insecurity in the US?
Results from poverty, not from food shortage
Also caused by alcoholism, chronic substance abuse, mental illness, reluctance of people to accept welfare or charity, delays in receiving public assistance, health problems, insufficient community resources
What is food security vs. food insecurity?
Food security: access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life
Food insecurity: inability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways, or the uncertainty that one wil
What are organic foods?
crops or livestock grown and processed according to USDA regulations concerning use of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, preservatives, other synthetic chemicals, growth hormones, antibiotics, or other drugs
What is the purpose of the "Dirty Dozen and Clean 15" list
Dirty Dozen: most likely to contain the largest amount of pesticides
Clean 15: Contain the least amount of pesticides
What is genetic engineering?
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Describe irradiation.
process of exposing a substance to low doses of radiation, using gamma rays, x-rays, or electricity to kill insects, bacteria, and other potentially harmful microorganisms
What is GRAS?
Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS): list of ingredients, established by the FDA, that has long been in use and were believed safe
Additives in use before 1958 "grandfathered in"
Substances
What are food additives? What are they used for?
any substance added to food, including substances used in production, processing, treatment, packaging, transportation, or storage
Used to:Enhance color, flavor, texture, stability, or nutritional content of food
What is a margin of safety?
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What are challenges to ensuring a safe food supply?
-Advances in trade and transportation
-People are eating a greater variety of food -Increase in the "at risk" populations (elderly, children, people with compromised immune systems)
-More meals prepared & eaten outside the home
-Changes in food preparatio
What are pesticides? How would you describe the ideal pesticide?
substances used to prevent, destroy, or repel harmful pests
Ideal pesticide destroys the target pest and then breaks down quickly into harmless products
What are safe cooking temperatures?
- when taking a food temperature, do it in the thickest part
145o- seafood
160- ground beef, lamb, steaks, egg dishes, casseroles
165- ground poultry, leftovers, stuffing
170- beef, lamb, steaks, poultry, pork roasts
Food danger Zone: 40-1400
180- Whole c
What is the food danger zone?
*HOT foods HOT(above 140 Degrees F)
and
*COLD foods COLD(below 41 Degrees F)
--Handling food for more that 4 hours
What are good hand washing practices?
warm soapy water for a min of 20 seconds
What is cross-contamination?
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What is the difference between foodborne infection and foodborne intoxication?
Food Intoxication: foodborne illness caused by a toxin or chemical
Food Infection: foodborne illness caused by live bacteria, virus, or parasites
What is foodborne illness?
illness occurring as a result of ingesting food or water contaminated with a poisonous substance
calculate Body Mass Index
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overweight, underweight, and obesity
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how to calculate waist-to-hip ratio.
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What are the different ways to measure body fat and how do they work?
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How do you use waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratios, and total body fat percentage to determine disease risk?
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How many calories make up 1 lb of fat?
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Name and describe the 3 components of energy expenditure.
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What are they organic food labeling laws?
Raw foods must be 100% organic
Processed foods must contain 95% organic ingredients
If a food contains 70-95% organic contents, label can read "product made with organic ingredients"
Irradiated or genetically engineered products cannot be labeled as organ
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What is the difference between functional and metabolic tolerance? What are the results of developing these tolerances
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Where is alcohol absorbed and metabolized in the body? How does alcohol break down in the body
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How many calories does alcohol provide per gram
7
What are functional foods?
Foods that have been changed to provide additional health benifits. Add nutrients, added ssubstances like prebiotics or probiotics
Salmonella
*Food INFECTION
Excreted in feces
Found in raw or undercooked eggs, meats, poultry, dairy products, unpasteurized juice
Will be killed with proper cooking
Onset: 6-48 hours
Campylobacter jejuni
*Food INFECTION
Consumption of raw milk, contaminated water, undercooked chicken, beef, pork, and raw clams
Readily killed by heat
Onset: 2-5 days
Lasts 7-10 days!
Escherichia coli
* Food INFECTION
Found in feces
May contaminate soil, water, plants
Undercooked hamburger, raw milk, raw apple cider, water, mayo, vegetables
Easily killed by heat
Can be contaminated after heating
Staphylococcus aureus
*Food INTOXICATION
Toxin produced when food contaminated by bacteria is left too long at room temp
Meat, eggs, potato and macaroni salads, cream filled pastries
Toxin produced not destroyed by cooking
Refrigeration is critical
Onset: 30 min - 8 hour
Clostridium botulinum
*Food INTOXICATION
Spore forming organism
Low acid canned foods
Anaerobic conditions
Destroyed by boiling for 20 minutes
Causes neurotoxic symptoms
Onset: 6-48 hours
What are the 5 programs for food assistance?
Food Stamp Program
National School Lunch Program
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Child and Adult Care Food Program
School Breakfast Program