HUEC Ch. 8 quiz and vocab

small intestine

the __ is the site of most vitamin absorption in the body

coenzymes

most B vitamins are essential for the metabolism of energy yielding nutrients. They perform this function by binding to and promoting the activity of enzymes. When B vitamins perform this way, they are __?

fortified; folate

folate deficiency symptoms are less of a problem recently because grain products have been __ with __

do not

vitamins __ provide energy

longer

it generally takes __ to develop a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin than a deficiency of a water soluble vitamin

thiamin

Berberi is a disease caused by lack of __ in the diet

light

riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to __

pellagra

disease caused by a niacin deficiency

tryptophan

niacin can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid __

egg whites

biotin is tightly bound by avidin, which prevents absorption of the vitamin. Avidin is commonly found in __

CoA

pantothenic acid is part of the molecule __

cobalamin

another name for vitamin B12

vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate

an elevation in homocysteine has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In clinical studies, which vitamins have been shown to decrease levels of homocysteine in the blood?

folic acid

increased amounts of which vitamin are recommended during pregnancy to reduce incidences of abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord of the developing baby?

B12; nerve damage

high intake of folate is cause for masking a __ deficiency, giving rise to permanent __

rapidly dividing cells

folate's role in DNA synthesis makes it particularly important in

vegan

meeting B12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for people following a strict __ diet

R-proteins, intrinsic factor, adequate stomach acid

absorption of B12 is dependent upon:

pernicious anemia

B12 deficiency caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor results in:

choline

__ is not classified as a vitamin

iron

consumption of orange juice enhances the absorption of which mineral?

anencephaly

a birth defect due to failure of the neural tube to close that results in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp

antioxidant

a substance that is able to neutralize reactive oxygen molecules and thereby reduce oxidative damage

ariboflavinosis

the condition resulting from a deficiency of riboflavin

ascorbic acid

the chemical term for vitamin C

atrophic gastritis

an inflammation of the stomach lining that results in reduced secretion of stomach acid and bacterial overgrowth

berberi

the disease resulting from a deficiency of thiamin

bioavailability

a general term that refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body

cobalamin

the chemical term for vitamin B12

coenzymes

small nonprotein organic molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions and are necessary for the proper functioning of many enzymes

collagen

the major protein in connective tissue

dietary antioxidants

a substance in food that significantly decreases the adverse effects of reactive species on normal physiological function in humans

dietary folate equivalents

the unit used to express the amount of folate present in food.

enriched

refers to a food that has had nutrients added to restore those lost in processing to a level equal to or higher than originally present

fat-soluble vitamins

vitamins that dissolve in fat

flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide

the active coenzyme forms of riboflavin. Structure allows them to pick up and donate hydrogens and electrons in chemical reactions

folic acid

the monoglutamate form of folate, which is present in the diet in fortified foods and supplements

fortification

a term used generally to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods, such as the addition of vitamin D to milk

free radical

one type of highly reactive molecule that causes oxidative damage

intrinsic factor

a protein produced in the stomach that is needed for the absorption of adequate amounts of vitamin B12

macrocytes

larger than normal mature RBCs that have a shortened life span

megaloblastic anemia

a condition in which there are abnormally large immature and mature RBCs in the bloodstream and a reduction in the total number of RBCs and the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

megaloblasts

large, immature RBCs that are formed when developing RBCs are unable to divide normally

neural tube defects

abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord that result from errors that occur during prenatal development

niacin equivalents

the measure used to express the amount of niacin present in food, including that which can be made from its precursor, tryptophan

1; 60

One NE is equal to __mg of niacin or __mg of tryptophan

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

the active coenzyme forms of niacin that are able to pick up and donate hydrogens and electrons. They are important in the transfer of electrons to oxygen in cellular respiration and in many synthetic reactions

oxidative damage

damage caused by highly reactive oxygen molecules that steal electrons from other compounds, causing changes in structure and function

oxidative stress

a condition that occurs when there are more reactive oxygen molecules than can be neutralized by available antioxidant defenses. It occurs either because excessive amounts of reactive oxygen are generated or because antioxidant defenses are deficient

parietal cells

large cells in the stomach lining that produce and secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

pellagra

the disease resulting from a deficiency of niacin

pernicious anemia

an anemia resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency that occurs when dietary B12 cannot be absorbed due to a lack of intrinsic factor

pro-oxidant

a substance that promotes oxidative damage

provitamin

a compound that can be converted into the active form of a vitamin in the body

pyridoxal phosphate

the major coenzyme form of vitamin B6 that functions in more than 100 enzymatic reactions, many of which involve amino acid metabolism

pyridoxine

the chemical term for vitamin B6

scurvy

the vitamin C deficiency disease

spina bifida

a birth defect resulting from the incorrect development of the spinal cord that can leave the spinal cord exposed

thiamin pyrophosphate

the active coenzyme form of thiamin. It is the predominant form found inside cells, where it aids reactions in which a carbon containing group is lost as CO2

vitamins

organic compounds needed in the diet in small amounts to promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of health

water-soluble vitamins

vitamins that dissolve in water

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

a form of thiamin deficiency associated with alcohol abuse that is characterized by mental confusion, disorientation, loss of memory, and a staggering gait