Under normal Conditions, glucose is the sole fuel for the brain
Brain cells, other nerve cells, red blood cells, and other tissues are able to use both glucose and fatty acids.
Ketosis
Occurs when there is insufficient CHO intake, process of fat breakdown during fasting states resulting in ketone production, sufficient energy from CHO prevents the production of ketones as an alternate energy source- this is called protein sparing, and e
Three disorders related to carbohydrate metabolism are
Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, and Lactose Intolerance.
Diabetes
Inability to regulate blood glucose levels, three types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, unrelated diabetes can cause nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness, and can be fatal, also associated with increased atherosclerosis, and decreased wound h
Type 1 Diabetes
Accounts for 10% of all cases, patients do not produce enough insulin, causes hyperglycemia, may be an autoimmune disease, and once known as Juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Treatment for Type 1
Combination and balance of:
Insuline therapy usually injection, CHO counting, and exercise.
Type 2 Diabetes
Most diabetics have this, progressive disease with biological changes occurring over time, body cells become resistant, or less responsive to insulin, hyperglycemia result when cells cannot take in the glucose from the blood, and once known as non-insulin
Reactive Hypoglycemia
Results when too much insulin is produced after a meal. Occurs 2-4 hours after eating a meal, possibly due to over secretion of insulin, and causes shakiness, sweating, and anxiety.
Fasting Hypoglycemia
Results when too much insulin is produced even when the patient has NOT eaten.
Nutritive sweeteners
Contain 4kcal energy per gram, sucrose, fructose, honey, brown sugar, and slow-absorbing sugar alcohols: 2-3 kcal/gm.
Non-nutritive (alternative) sweeteners
Provide little or no energy.
Aspartame
NutraSweet-AKA Equal, composed of phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol, 4kcal/gm, but only a trace amount is needed to sweeten foods, not heat stable, complaints of sensitivity, and not recommended for people with phenylketonuria (PKU).
Acesulfame-K (Sunette)
Not digested by the body, heat stable, and Diabetisweet is used in baking.
Saccharin
First produced in 1879, 450X sweeter than sucrose, and has been removed from the list of cancer-causing agents.
Sucralose
Splenda, substitute for hydroxyl groups on sucrose, heat stable, and tiny amount digested.
Alternative Sweeteners
Acceptable Day Intakes (ADI) have been established for: aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame-k. Not ADI has been set for saccharin.
Sugar Free
Does NOT always mean that a product is calorie free or carbohydrate free. Many sugar free foods are high in FAT.
Sugar Alcohols
2-3 kcal/g, absorbed and metabolized slower, large amount causes diarrhea, used a lot in liquid medicines, and ex: Sorbitol, Mannitol, maltitol, Xylitol, and Lactitol.