Chapter 13- Trace Minerals

Describe the functions of iron. What 2 ionic states can iron assume? What is hemoglobin and myoglobin and what is their function?

Functions:
Cofactor to enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reaction
Helps the enzymes in making amino acids, collagen, hormones, and neurotransmitters
Forms a part of the electron carriers in the Electron Transport Chain
Assumes 2 ionic states: Ferrou

Describe the absorption, distribution and recycling of iron in the body. What percent of iron goes to the bone marrow? What percentage of iron is recycled?

absorption: iron storage protein, ferritin captures iron from food ad stores it in the cells of the small intestine
distribution: when the body needs iron, ferritin releases some iron to an iron transport protein called transferrin
recycling:
bone marrow

How is amount of iron regulated in the body?

if body doesn't need iron, it is carried out when intestinal cells are shed and excreted in feces; by holding iron temporarily, these cells control iron absorption by either delivering iron when the day's intake falls short or disposing of it when intakes

What is the difference between heme and non-heme iron and in what foods are they found? Which iron is better absorbed? Which iron provides the most iron in the diet?

Heme: iron in foods that is bound to the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins, found only in meat, fish and poultry
Non-Heme: the iron in foods that is not bound to proteins, found in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods
better absorbed: heme iron
pro

List sources of iron.

Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs
Legumes, dried fruits

List environmental factors that increase / inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron.

increase: the MFP factor, Vitamin C, some acids and sugars
inhibit: dietary factors binding to this form of iron (i.e. phylates in legumes, whole grains, rice; the veggie protein in soybeans, other legumes, and nuts; the calcium in milk; the polyphenols (

Describe causes and symptoms of iron deficiency. Which populations are vulnerable to iron deficiency? Why does the United States have less iron deficiency than other countries?

- Affects behavior, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis is altered
-Symptoms:
Anemia- weakness, fatigue, headaches; impaired work performance and cognitive function; impaired immunity; pale skin, nail beds, mucous membranes, and palm creases

At what life stages are iron needs increased in women. How do iron needs change after menopause? Why do women of child bearing age have a more difficult time meeting the RDA for iron than men?

The bleeding during childbirth, have a menstrual cycle every month, loss of blood during child birth
For women iron needs increased during pregnancy
menopause: lowered amount needed of iron

Under what conditions are iron supplements appropriate?

pregnancy, young children and women

Discuss iron poisoning (cause and symptoms) in children.

usually from children taking too many vitamins , increased heart rate, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory shock

Describe hemochromatosis and list symptoms associated with it.

genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload and tissue damage
Symptoms:
apathy
lethargy
tissue damage
increased infection

List causes and symptoms of iron overload.

Causes:
-hemochromatosis: genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload and tissue damage
-hemosiderosis: a condition characterized by deposits of the iron-storage protein hemosiderin

Describe zinc's function in the body.

part of many enzymes, associated with the hormone, insulin; involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of Vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus

What dietary factors decrease zinc absorption?

phytates bind zinc thus limiting its bioavailability

List sources of zinc.

protein containing foods, red meats, shellfish, whole grains, some fortified cereals

Describe causes and symptoms associated with zinc deficiency.

Symptoms:
growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation and impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite
Causes:
poor, pregnant, young children, the elderly

Describe the cause and symptoms of zinc toxicity.

Causes:
more than 50 milligrams of zinc
Symptoms:
diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion, loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies

Are zinc lozenges effective at preventing the common cold?

no, may shorten duration though

What are the main functions of iodide?

Part of the thyroid hormone (t3 and t4)
metabolism
body temperature
blood cells production
nerve and muscle function

Describe causes and symptoms of iodide deficiency? What are goitrogens?

goitrogen: prevents the uptake of iodide
cabbage
kale
turnips

Describe a public health measure that is used to prevent simple goiter in the US.

its added to salt

List food sources of iodide.

seafood, meat, whole grains, fruits and vegetables (depending on soil content)

Describe the symptoms of deficiency of iodide. What is cretinism?

symptoms: weight gain, sluggishness,cretinism, goiter
Cretinism is a disease which leads to mental retardation
stunts growth

Describe cause and symptoms of iodide toxicity.

Having an increased intake
hyperthyroid/hypothyroid--->can lead to goiters
increases metabolic rate
bulging eyes
loose weight

What is a primary function of fluoride in the body?

to strengthen teeth and bones

What are some sources of fluoride in the diet?

drinking water, fish, tea

Describe a deficiency symptom of fluoride.

Increased tooth decay.

Describe a public health measure that is used to strengthen teeth and prevent cavities.

Added floride into public water systems to prevent cavities.(Austin does this)

Describe symptoms associated with excessive intake of fluoride?

Fluorosis:
mottled teeth (child)
skeletal (can weaken teeth strength)

What is the primary function of chromium in the body?

Helps in the function of insulin. If you don't get enough you can develop high blood glucose.

What are some food sources of chromium?

Whole grains, organ meats, nuts. (not very many sources of chromium)

What symptom is associated with chromium deficiency?

high blood glucose

Discuss whether claims that chromium promotes weight loss and bulking muscle are true.

Not true for either weight loss or bulking muscle.

What does USP mean on vitamin supplements?

United States Pharmacopeia, an organization that provides testing and monitoring of dietary supplements

Are vitamins better absorbed from a supplement than food?

No, best to get the vitamins from FOOD

What is the meaning of natural or organic for vitamin supplements?

There is no definition.