trace minerals
essential mineral nutrients, found in human body in small amounts, sometimes called microminerals
Which is one of the most important/abundant trace minerals
Iron
Which is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide
Iron
Most iron is contained in....
2 body proteins
What are the 2 body proteins?
Hemoglobin & Myoglobin
Hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein in erthrocytes (RBCs)
Myoglobin
oxygen-holding protein in muscle cells
Heme
the iron-holding part of hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins
Heme iron
found only in animal foods (meat, poultry, fish)
10% of total iron consumed/day is heme
25-35% heme iron is absorbed
Non-heme iron
found in both plant/animal foods
90% total iron consumed/day is non-heme
only 10% non-heme iron is absorbed
With anemia, individuals absorb more____ and _____, iron absorption rate depends on need
heme and non-heme iron
People absorb more iron from foods and supplements when body stores of iron are?
low than when stores of iron are high
Nonheme iron absorption enhanced by
MFP factor-factor assoc with the digestion of meat, fish, poultry
Vit. C
Acids (in food and HCI in stomach)
Sugars
Nonheme iron absorption inhibited by
phytates, fiber, oxalates, calcium, tannic acid (tea/coffee)
Forms of iron
2 forms: ferrous iron (reduced state) Fe++, ferric iron (oxidized state) Fe+++
Iron Function
part of hemoglobin (oxygen carrier in blood), part of myoglobin (oxygen holding protein in muscle), cellular energy utilization-electron transport chain
Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron Deficiency anemia
blue sclera of yes, hypochromic/microcytic RBCs, decreased immunity, decreased work production, weakness/fatigue, decreased cognitive function, increased distractibility, itching, pale nail beds, concave nails, decreased ability to regulate temp, pica (geophagia-clay eating and pagophagia-ice craving)
geophagia
clay eating
pagophagia
ice craving
Toxicity from Iron overload
lethargy, joint pain, organ damage, enlarged liver, death (as few as 5 iron tablets have caused death in young children)
Hemochromatosis
hereditary iron metabolism defect leading to iron deposits in tissues-tissue damage..most common genetic disorder in US!! affecting 1.5 million ppl
Hemosiderosis
long term dietary/supplementary iron overload, deposits of iron storage protein hemosiderin in liver and other tissues
Consuming a good iron source with Vit. C...
increased iron absorbed..hamburger/tomato, spaghetti/tomato-meat sauce
Using cast-iron cookware....
adds supplemental iron to diet
small RBC
microcytic
Pale RBC
hypochromic, Iron deficiency anemia is termed hypochromic, microcyticanemia
Norman RBC
normochromic and normocytic
Iron is the leading nutritional deficiency in the US affecting...
7.8 million women of childbearing years and adolescent girls, and 700,000 1 and 2 year olds
Zinc function
Zinc is required as a cofactor by >100 enzymes, is a metalloenzyme, assoc. with insulin, involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of Vit. , taste perception, wound healing, making of sperm, normal fetal development
Zinc containing foods
protein containing foods, whole grains, veggies
Zinc deficiency symptoms
decreased taste acuity, decreased wound healing, growth retardation/delayed onset of puberty (dwarfism in Middle Eastern countries), impaired DNA/protein synthesis, anorexia
Zinc toxicity
anemia, raised LDL, lowered HDL, GI upsets, renal failure, heart muscle degeneration
Acrodermatitis enteropthica
rare inherited zinc malabsorption disease-additionl more sever deficiency symptoms
Who is often affected by zinc deficiency? Why?
Elderly- bc of decreased consumption of protein foods, whole grains, and veggies (expensive foods)..leads to zinc def, decreased taste acuity and wound heling- even less consumption of good zinc sources and greater susceptibility to infection
Zinc's route through the body
enterohepatic circulation- from the intestines through the vascular system to the pancreas and back to the intestines
Zinc deficiency
in Middle Eastern Countries: the stunted growth of dwarfism
zinc deficiency first reported
in the 1960s in children/adolescent boys in Egypt, Iran, Turkey, children have increased zinc needs bc they are actively growing
Native Middle Eastern diets are typically
low in high zinc foods (meats) and the staple foods (legumes, unleavened breads, and other whole grains) are high in fiber and phytates, which inhibit zinc absorption
zinc deficient male children and adolescents exhibit...
zinc deficient type of dwarfism that stunts growth (may only be 4 feet tall), arrests sexual maturation (hypoganadism/males don't develop capacity to reproduce), inhibits absorption of other nutrients (increased malnourished state), and impairs cognitive development
are the zinc deficient effects reversible?
stunted growth and arrested sexual maturation are only partially reversible with zinc restored to diet
Iodine function
component of thyroid hormones which regulate growth, development, and BMR
Iodine foods
iodized salt, seafood
Iodine Deficiency Disease
*simple goiter- enlargement of thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency and thyroid gland malfunction
*creatinism- congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation caused from iodine deficiency during pregnancy
Iodine Toxicity
enlarged thyroid gland and goiter- just like deficiency symptoms
Selenium function
antioxidant, helps regulate thyroid hormone, decreases risk of some cacers
Selenium Foods
seafood, meats, whole grain
Selenium Deficiency Symptoms
predisposition to type of heart disease characterized by cardiac muscle becoming fibrous-KESHAN DISEASE- named for a province in China where it was studied, prevalent in regions of China where the soil lacks selenium..primary cause of this is probably a virus, but selenium deficiency predisposes ppl to the virus and adequate selenium prevents the action of the virus
Selenium Toxicity
GI disorders, loss of hair and nails, skin lesions, nervous system disorders
Copper function
metalloenzyme (part of several enzymes), neccessary for iron absorption and use of iron in hemoglobin formation (catalyses oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron)
Copper foods
seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes
Copper Deficiency Symptoms
anemia, bone abnormalities
Copper toxicity
vomiting, liver damage
2 genetic disorders affecting copper status
Menkes disease and Wilsons disease
Menkes disease
interstitial cells absorb copper, but can't release coper into circulation-life threatening copper deficiency
Wilson's disease
copper accumulates in liver and brain-life threatening toxicity...wilson's disease is controlled by reducing copper intake, using chelating agents (penicillimine), and taking zinc supplements to interfere with copper absorption
Manganese function
metalloenzyme cofactor for several enzymes
Manganese foods
nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies
Manganese def. symptoms
in experimental animals, poor growth, nervous system disorders, reproductive abnormalities
Manganese toxicity
nervous system disorders
what workers are affected my manganese toxicity?
Miners- who inhale large quantities on the job over long periods of time show symptoms of a brain disease, along with abnormalities in appearance and behavior
Fluoride Function
involved in bone and tooth formation, helps make teeth decay resistant by forming crystalline deposits in bones and teeth, fluorapatite is a stabilized form of fluoride in bones and teeth
Fluoride foods
fluoride containing or fluoridated drinking water, tea, seafood
Fluoride Deficiency symptoms
susceptibility to tooth decay
Fluoride Toxicity
fluorosis- discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excessive fluoride during tooth development
nausea, chest pain, itching, vomiting
average cost per person of fluoridating drinking water for a lifetime compared to saving in dental costs
<40 to $3000 in savings
Chromium function
associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose
Chromium foods
meat, unrefined foods, fats, veggie oils
Chromium Def. symptoms
diabetes- like condition marked by an inability to use glucose normally
glucose tolerance factors (GTF)
some organic compounds that enhance insulin's actions
some glucose tolerance factors contain chromium
Why might a chromium deficient individual be misdiagnosed? with what?
with diabetes bc he exhibits abnormal glucose tolerance tests
Molybdenum function
cofactor for several enzymes (metalloenzyme)
Molybdenum foods
legumes, cereals, organ meats
Molybdenum Deficiency and Toxicity
NONE
Nickel
cofactor for several enzymes
silicon
bone and collagen formation
vanadium
necessary for growth, bone development, normal reproduction
cobalt
key mineral in VIT. B12
Boron
may play a role in brain activities
contaminant minerals
are heavy metals- mercury, lead
how does lead enter food supply?
soil, water, pollution
Lead (Pb++) poisoning
Pb++ competes with Fe++ in heme structure
hemoglobin can't transport O2
Pb++ competes with Ca++ in the brain
brain can't properly function
Symptoms of lead poisoning in children
learning disabilities, low IQ, behavior problems, slow growth, iron-deficiency anemia, sleep disturbances, nervous system disorders, seizures, poor coordinations, impaired hearing
Symptoms of lead poisoning in adults
hypertension, reproductive complications, kidney failure