Catabolic Reaction
Hydrolysis is an example of a(n):
Adenosine Triphoshpate
During metabolism, released energy is captured and transferred by:
Glycolysis
Converts glucose to pyruvate:
Metabolically irreversible
The pathway from pyruvate to acetyl CoA:
TCA cycle
For complete oxidation, acetyl CoA enters:
ammonia and a keto acid
Deamination of an amino acid produces:
acetyl CoA
Before entering the TCA cycle, each of the energy yielding nutrients is broken down to:
Triglycerides
The body stores energy for future use in:
amino acids
During a fast, when glycogen stores have been depleted, the body begins to synthesize glucose from:
condensing acetyl CoA
During a fast, the body produces ketone bodies by:
Ketone Bodies
Compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available.
Red blood cells
Contains no mitochondria and must depend on glucose for energy.
� 0 2 consumed
� H20 and CO2 produced
� Energy captured in ATP
The results of the electron transport chain:
oxaloacetate
A carbohydrate intermediate of the TeA cycle.
urea
The principal nitrogenexcretion product of protein metabolism. Two ammonia fragments are combined with carbon dioxide to form urea.
transamination
The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto
acid.
ammonia
A compound with the chemical formula NH3; produced during the deamination of amino acids.
keto acid
An organic acid that contains a carbonyl group (C=O).
glucogenic
Amino acids that can make glucose via either pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates are:
ketogenic
Amino acids that are degraded to acetyl CoA are:
gluconeogenesis
The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
The liver is the major site of this process, but the kidneys become increasingly involved under certain circumstances, such as starvation.
fatty acid oxidation
The metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl eoA; also called beta oxidation
Cori cycle
The path from muscle glycogen to glucose to pyruvate to lactate (which travels to the liver) to glucose (which can travel back to the muscle) to glycogen; named after the scientist who elucidated this pathway.
lactate
A 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism
mitochondria
The cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP; made of membranes (lipid and protein) with enzymes mounted on them.
aerobic
Requiring oxygen
anaerobic
Not requiring oxygen
glycolysis
The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. This process does not require oxygen (anaerobic).
electron transport chain
The final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP.
TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
A series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms; also called the Kreb's cycle after the biochemist who elucidated its reactions.
CoA
Coenzyme A; the coenzyme derived from the Bvitamin pantothenic acid and central to energy metabolism
acetyl CoA
A 2-carbon compound to which a molecule of CoA is attached.
pyruvate
A 3-carbon compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism
A healthy diet provides
� 45-65 % kcalories from carbohydrate
� 10-35 % kcalories from protein
� 20-35 % kcalories from fat
catabolism
Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones.
ATP
A common high-energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.
coupled reactions
Pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound.
coenzymes
Complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes' activity.
cofactors
The general term for substances that facilitate enzyme action: they include both organic coenzymes made from
vitamins and inorganic substances such as minerals.
anabolism
Reactions in which small molecules are put together to build
larger ones
photosynthesis
The process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
metabolism
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy metabolism includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.