Nutrition
the science of food
the nutrients and the substances therein,
their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease
and the process by which the organism ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances.
Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors for _____.
Chronic diseases
Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and some forms of cancer
Chronic diseases are responsible for ___ of all deaths in North America
2/3rds
Obesity Trends
Colorado: 20.5%
Alabama: 33.0%
Mississippi: 34.6%
Obesity is the ____ leading cause of preventable death in North America
Second
Surgery to treat obesity includes:
Liposuction
Gastric Bonding
Obesity is directly linked with...
Mortality and many chronic ailments
Obesity and Diabetes
Diabetes risk 4x higher than average person
Obesity and Hypertension
Hypertension risk 6x higher than average person
Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease 3x higher than average person
Cancer in Obese Men
Obese men have higher rates of colon, prostate, and rectal cancer
Cancer in Obese Women
Obese women have higher risk of breast cancer at 30%
Other Obesity Health Risks
Cancer, gall bladder disease, etc.
Nutrients
-Nourishing substances that come from food
-Provide energy
-Provide building blocks
-Vital for growth and maintenance
The Six Classes of Nutrients
1.) Carbohydrates
2.) Lipids
3.) Proteins
4.) Vitamins
5.) Minerals
6.) Water
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients the body cannot make for itself and must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies
Characteristics of an Essential Nutrient
1.) Omission leads to decline
2.) Regain normal function when restored to the diet
3.) Has specific biological function
Scurvy
Collagen Deficiency
Pellagra
Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency
Chemical Components of Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrates serve as a major source of _____
Calories (~4kcal/gm)
Types of Carbohydrates
Simple carbs and complex carbs
Simple Carbs
-Monosaccharide
-Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
-Simple carb
-Glucose
Disaccharide
-Simple carb
-Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose
Complex Carbs
-Polysaccharide
-Dietary Fiber
Polysaccharide
-Complex carb
-i.e. Starch
Dietary Fiber
-Hemicellulose
-Pectins
-Gums
-Mucilages
-Cellulose
-Lignin
Lipids are Composed of
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Lipids are energy yielding ____ and _____
Fats and Oils (~9kcal/gm)
Triglyceride
Major storage form of energy (fats and oils)
Types of Lipids
-Saturated fatty acids
-Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
-Does NOT contain carbon-carbon double bonds
-i.e. Butter
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
-Contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
-i.e. Corn oils
Health Risks of Saturated Fatty Acids
-Raises blood pressure
-Clogs arteries
-Promotes cardiovascular diseases
Proteins are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Proteins are a part of
-Muscle
-Blood
-Enzymes
-Immune Factors
-Body Cells
Types of Proteins
-Essential amino acids
-Non-essential amino acids
Proteins are ____ yielding
Energy (4kcal/gm)
Magic Numbers
4-9-4 kcal/gm
Carbs-Fats-Proteins
Vitamins are composed of
Various elements
Function of Vitamins
Enable chemical reactions
How many vitamins are there?
13
Types of Vitamins
-Fat soluble
-Water soluble
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins B and C
Properties of water soluble vitamins
-Destroyed by cooking
-Excreted easily
Vitamins yield ___ energy
No energy
High volume of vitamin A is bad for
Pregnant women
Rickets
Bowed legs, caused by Vitamin D deficiency
Minerals are
Inorganic substances (no carbon)
Minerals function in:
-Cellular processes
-Nervous system
-Water balance
-Structural systems
Properties of minerals
Not destroyed during cooking
There are ___ essential minerals
16 essential minerals
Types of essential minerals
Major and trace
Trace minerals
-less than 100mg/day are required
-i.e. iron
Major minerals
-more than 100mg/day are required
-i.e. sodium
Minerals yield ___ energy
No energy
Cretinism
Stunting of fetal growth and mental development as a result of low iodide in maternal diet
Goiter
Enlarging of thyroid gland due to low intake of iodide
Chemical Components of Water
Hydrogen and oxygen
Water is ___% of your body weight
60%
Water is found in
Fruits and vegetables
Water yields ___ energy
No energy
Recommended intake of water
9 to 13 cups/day
Functions of water
-Solvent
-Lubricant
-Medium for transport
-Chemical processes
-Temperature regulator
Phytochemicals
Chemicals found in plants that may provide significant health benefits
Benefits of phytochemicals
-Reduced risk of cancer
-Lowered cardiovascular disease risk
Examples of Phytochemicals
-Resveratrol
-Curcumin (tumeric)
Calorie
-"the amount of energy that it takes to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water by 1 degree celsius"
-A measurement of energy
Hunger
Physical biological drive to eat
Appetite
Psychological drive to eat
Satiety
Temporary halt of desire to eat
Satiety is regulated by the ______
Regulated by the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
-Feeding center
-Satiety center
Factors regulating satiety
-Meal size and composition (bulky meals produce satiety)
-Macronutrients in the blood
-Hormones
Hormones that increase hunger
-Ghrelin
-Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
-Endorphins
Hormones that cause satiety
-Leptin
-Serotonin
-Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Mutation in leptin leads to ____
Obesity (due to no satiety signal)
Reasons for the "Freshmen Fifteen
-Alcohol
-Eating disorders
-Vegetarian lifestyle
Healthy People 2020 Website:
www.healthy.gov/healthypeople
Main objective of Healthy People 2020
Promote healthy lifestyle and reduce preventable deaths and disease
Goals of Healthy People 2020
-Reduce obesity in adults and children
-Increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products
-Lower intake of fat, saturated fat, and sodium
-Increase intake of calcium and iron
-Salt in moderation
-Alcohol in moderation
Nutrition
the science of food
the nutrients and the substances therein,
their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease
and the process by which the organism ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances.
Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors for _____.
Chronic diseases
Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and some forms of cancer
Chronic diseases are responsible for ___ of all deaths in North America
2/3rds
Obesity Trends
Colorado: 20.5%
Alabama: 33.0%
Mississippi: 34.6%
Obesity is the ____ leading cause of preventable death in North America
Second
Surgery to treat obesity includes:
Liposuction
Gastric Bonding
Obesity is directly linked with...
Mortality and many chronic ailments
Obesity and Diabetes
Diabetes risk 4x higher than average person
Obesity and Hypertension
Hypertension risk 6x higher than average person
Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease 3x higher than average person
Cancer in Obese Men
Obese men have higher rates of colon, prostate, and rectal cancer
Cancer in Obese Women
Obese women have higher risk of breast cancer at 30%
Other Obesity Health Risks
Cancer, gall bladder disease, etc.
Nutrients
-Nourishing substances that come from food
-Provide energy
-Provide building blocks
-Vital for growth and maintenance
The Six Classes of Nutrients
1.) Carbohydrates
2.) Lipids
3.) Proteins
4.) Vitamins
5.) Minerals
6.) Water
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients the body cannot make for itself and must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies
Characteristics of an Essential Nutrient
1.) Omission leads to decline
2.) Regain normal function when restored to the diet
3.) Has specific biological function
Scurvy
Collagen Deficiency
Pellagra
Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency
Chemical Components of Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrates serve as a major source of _____
Calories (~4kcal/gm)
Types of Carbohydrates
Simple carbs and complex carbs
Simple Carbs
-Monosaccharide
-Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
-Simple carb
-Glucose
Disaccharide
-Simple carb
-Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose
Complex Carbs
-Polysaccharide
-Dietary Fiber
Polysaccharide
-Complex carb
-i.e. Starch
Dietary Fiber
-Hemicellulose
-Pectins
-Gums
-Mucilages
-Cellulose
-Lignin
Lipids are Composed of
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Lipids are energy yielding ____ and _____
Fats and Oils (~9kcal/gm)
Triglyceride
Major storage form of energy (fats and oils)
Types of Lipids
-Saturated fatty acids
-Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
-Does NOT contain carbon-carbon double bonds
-i.e. Butter
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
-Contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
-i.e. Corn oils
Health Risks of Saturated Fatty Acids
-Raises blood pressure
-Clogs arteries
-Promotes cardiovascular diseases
Proteins are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Proteins are a part of
-Muscle
-Blood
-Enzymes
-Immune Factors
-Body Cells
Types of Proteins
-Essential amino acids
-Non-essential amino acids
Proteins are ____ yielding
Energy (4kcal/gm)
Magic Numbers
4-9-4 kcal/gm
Carbs-Fats-Proteins
Vitamins are composed of
Various elements
Function of Vitamins
Enable chemical reactions
How many vitamins are there?
13
Types of Vitamins
-Fat soluble
-Water soluble
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins B and C
Properties of water soluble vitamins
-Destroyed by cooking
-Excreted easily
Vitamins yield ___ energy
No energy
High volume of vitamin A is bad for
Pregnant women
Rickets
Bowed legs, caused by Vitamin D deficiency
Minerals are
Inorganic substances (no carbon)
Minerals function in:
-Cellular processes
-Nervous system
-Water balance
-Structural systems
Properties of minerals
Not destroyed during cooking
There are ___ essential minerals
16 essential minerals
Types of essential minerals
Major and trace
Trace minerals
-less than 100mg/day are required
-i.e. iron
Major minerals
-more than 100mg/day are required
-i.e. sodium
Minerals yield ___ energy
No energy
Cretinism
Stunting of fetal growth and mental development as a result of low iodide in maternal diet
Goiter
Enlarging of thyroid gland due to low intake of iodide
Chemical Components of Water
Hydrogen and oxygen
Water is ___% of your body weight
60%
Water is found in
Fruits and vegetables
Water yields ___ energy
No energy
Recommended intake of water
9 to 13 cups/day
Functions of water
-Solvent
-Lubricant
-Medium for transport
-Chemical processes
-Temperature regulator
Phytochemicals
Chemicals found in plants that may provide significant health benefits
Benefits of phytochemicals
-Reduced risk of cancer
-Lowered cardiovascular disease risk
Examples of Phytochemicals
-Resveratrol
-Curcumin (tumeric)
Calorie
-"the amount of energy that it takes to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water by 1 degree celsius"
-A measurement of energy
Hunger
Physical biological drive to eat
Appetite
Psychological drive to eat
Satiety
Temporary halt of desire to eat
Satiety is regulated by the ______
Regulated by the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
-Feeding center
-Satiety center
Factors regulating satiety
-Meal size and composition (bulky meals produce satiety)
-Macronutrients in the blood
-Hormones
Hormones that increase hunger
-Ghrelin
-Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
-Endorphins
Hormones that cause satiety
-Leptin
-Serotonin
-Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Mutation in leptin leads to ____
Obesity (due to no satiety signal)
Reasons for the "Freshmen Fifteen
-Alcohol
-Eating disorders
-Vegetarian lifestyle
Healthy People 2020 Website:
www.healthy.gov/healthypeople
Main objective of Healthy People 2020
Promote healthy lifestyle and reduce preventable deaths and disease
Goals of Healthy People 2020
-Reduce obesity in adults and children
-Increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products
-Lower intake of fat, saturated fat, and sodium
-Increase intake of calcium and iron
-Salt in moderation
-Alcohol in moderation