satiation
feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal, halts eating, & tells us how much to eat.
Satiety
Tells us to stop eating and not to start again.
Neuropeptide YY
causes carbohydrate cravings, initiates eating, decreases energy expenditure, and increases fat storage.
Stimulates hunger.
Peptide YY
peptide released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding.
Reduces appetite, sends feedback to the hypothalamus to increase satiety and decrease hunger.
Insulin
strong link between those with insulin resistance and obesity which leads to type 2 diabetes, reduces hunger when released.
macronutrient content
Foods higher in macronutrients keep you in a state of satiety
BMR
rate of energy use for metabolism after 12 hour fast & restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement in a comfortable setting.
Factors that affect BMR
age, height, growth, gender, fever, stress, body temp, fasting, malnutrition, hormones, smoking, caffeine, sleep.
Calculate BMI
weight/height(in)^2 *703
BMI Categories
<18.5: UNDERWEIGHT
Between 18.5 and 24.9: NORMAL
>25: OVERWEIGHT
>30: OBESE
BMI
measure of a persons weight relative to height.
PROS: inexpensive, easy to take, highly accurate
CONS: doesn't reflect body composition, inappropriate for some populations, doesn't say how much of weight is fat or where it's located
Visceral Body Fat
stored around the abdomen (central obesity)
Subcutaneous
Hips and thighs and most common in women during reproductive years
Waist Circumference
Women with a waist more than 35 in. & men with a waist >40 in. have a high risk of central obesity related health problems.
waist-to-hip ratio is an indicator of disease risks
Risks for Underweight
- unable to preserve lean tissue during the fight against a wasting disease such as cancer
- underweight women have irregular periods and become infertile
Body fat
The ratio of fat tissue to lean body mass (muscle, bone, and organs). Usually expressed as percent body fat.
Important for measuring health risks associated with too much body fat
Risks for overweight
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, cancer, gabllbladder disease, kidney stones, respiratory problems, infertility, complications in pregnancy & surgery.
obesity is 2nd to tobacco in causing premature death.
Anorexia
results in starvation, body has no fuel so slowly shuts down + dies; bone protrusions, gaunt-like feature to face, hunched over symptoms.
highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders, about 10%; distorted body image makes them think they're fat; mig
Bulemia
lose control of eating + go on purging binges then get rid of excess calories; people with bulimia nervosa have less visible symptoms than those with anorexia nervosa; many bulimics use ipecac syrup to induce vomiting; might exercise compulsively to lose
Binge Eating
most common eating disorder, affecting 2-3% of population and most common eating disorder in not specified category; compulsive overeating; connected to emotion. People with binge eating disorder are usually overweight; hypothalamus might fail to send pro
Fat Cell Development
As fat cells accumulate triglycerides, they expand. When cells enlarge they stimulate cell proliferation so their numbers increase again, obesity develops when a person's fat cells increase in number, in size, or from both.
When energy out exceeds energy
Role of Lipoprotein Lipase in obesity
Lipoprotein lipase removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in both adipose tissue and muscle cells. Obese people generally have more LPL activity in their adipose cells than lean people do. This high LPL activity makes fat storage especially effi
Role of Leptin in obesity
Maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue. When body fat increases, leptin increases, which suppresses appetite. When body fat decreases, leptin decreases, which stimulates appetite and suppresses
Role of Ghrelin in obesity
Secreted by the stomach cells and promotes weight gain by stimulating appetite and promoting efficient energy storage. Blood levels of ghrelin typically rise before and fall after a meal in proportion to the kilocalories ingested-reflecting the hunger and
Strategies for successful weight loss
set reasonable goals, embrace small changes, moderate losses (1/2 to 2 lbs/week or 10% of body weight), be realistic about energy intake, emphasize nutritional adequacy, eat small portions, slow down, lower energy density, drink water, focus on fiber, cho
Hyperplasia
when fat cells are filled to capacity, which stimulates the production of more fat cells, the number of adipocytes increases
Hypertrophy
when fat cells expand to store more fat, which results in an increase in the size of adipocytes (fat cells) and happens during weight gain
Hormone-sensitive lipase
stimulates lipolysis
Thermic effect of food
estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and stored ingested nutrients); also called the specific dynamic effect (SDE) of food or the specific dynamic activity (SDA) of food. The sum of the TEF and any incr
Gynoid vs. Android obesity
Gynoid obesity - "pear" from excess fat around the thighs and buttocks, lower-body fat is more common in women than in men and is not usually associated with chronic diseases
Android Obesity: "apple" from storing too much visceral fat in the abdomen. Uppe
Vitamin
organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health. Vitamins regulate body processes that support growth + maintain health. Vitamins do not yield energy when metabolized but assist the enzymes that participate in the release of
Water Soluble
absorbed directly into the blood; travels freely; circulates freely in water-filled parts of the body; kidneys detect and remove excess in urine; possible to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements; needed in frequent doses (perhaps 1 to 3 days)
fat soluble
absorbed first into the lymph, then the blood; many require protein carriers, stored in the cells associated with fat; less readily excreted, tend to remain in fat-storage sites; likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements; needed in perio
absorption of vitamin B12
usually the reason for deficiency; HCL + pepsin required for digestion; intrinsic factor required for absorption; binds to transcobalamin II for transport to the liver; absorbed in the ileum; stored in liver unlike the other water soluble vitamins that ar
Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
A vital part of thiamin pyrophosphate, a coenzyme that is very important for energy metabolism; Synthesis of DNA and RNA
Food source: whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; moderate amounts in all nutritious food; pork
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
functions as a coenzyme in many reactions in energy metabolism; serves many functions in the maintenance of the integrity of the membranes of the skin, eyes and GI tract
Food source:milk products (yogurt, cheese); whole-grain, fortified or grain rich prod
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
two coenzyme forms used in metabolic reactions->NAD (which carries hydrogens and their electrons) and NADP (the phosphate form); also in therapeutic doses can lower total cholesterol in blood, lower triglycerides and raise HDL cholesterol
Food source: mil
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism used to form acetyl CoA; synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones and neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Food Source: widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grai
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids, glycogen and some lipids; interconversion of amino acids to carbohydrate or carbohydrate to nonessential AA (removal of N from AA: "deamination" and "transamination"); needed for heme
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
coenzyme critical in TCA cycle (delivers carbon to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate); participates in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis; participates in breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids; maintenance of healthy hair, skin and nails
Food Source:
Vitamin B9 (folate)/(folic acid in oxidized form found in supplements)
DNA synthesis, new cell synthesis; prevention of birth defects (neural tube- the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system [brain and spinal cord], spina bifida); cofactor in amino acid metabolism; conversion of homocysteine to methionine (homocyst
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
coenzyme in energy metabolism of fatty acids + amino acids; required for nucleic acid [DNA/RNA], red blood cell + other new cell synthesis; health of nerve tissue; activates folate; homocysteine metabolism
food source: foods of animal origin (meat, fish,
B1 (thiamin) deficiency
beriberi (symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, confusion, muscle weakness and peripheral neuropathy; classifications are wet: edema and congestive heart failure and dry: muscle wasting without edema or nerve degeneration); Wernicke-Korsakoff Sy
B2 (riboflavin) Deficiency
ariboflavinosis (cells in tissues lining the throat, mouth, tongue and lips become inflamed or swollen); sore throat, stomatitis (inflammation of the mucous lining of any structures in the mouth), glossitis, cheilosis
B3 (niacin) Deficiency
The three D's
(diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia)
B5 (pantothenic acid) Deficiency
pantothenic acid deficiency is rare. Its symptoms involve a general failure of all the body's systems and include fatigue, GI distress, and neurological disturbances. "Burning feet" syndrome that affected prisoners of war in Asia during WWII thought to ha
B6 (pyridoxine) Deficiency
scaly dermatitis; microcytic, hypochromatic anemia (small cell type); CNS: depression, confusion and convulsions
B7 (biotin) Deficiency
skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances
B9 (folate) Deficiency
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia (fewer, larger, immature red blood cells)
B12 (cobalamin) Deficiency
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia "pernicious anemia"; nerve damage (tingling and numbness in hands and feet)
activation of folate by vitamin B12.
In the cells, folate is trapped in its inactive form. To active folate, B12 removes and keeps the methyl group, which activates vitamin B12. Both the folate coenzyme and the vitamin B12 coenzyme are now active and available for DNA synthesis.
major uses of vitamin C in the body
collagen formation, antioxidant, iron absorption, immune system, synthesis of carnitine, plays important role in the synthesis of neurotransmitter, norepinephrine
-highly effective antioxidant in that it can protect from damage by free radicals(molecules
signs and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency and toxicity
Scurvy- symptoms include bleeding and bruising easily, hair and tooth loss, joint pain and swelling; symptoms are related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which contain collagen
Identify major food sources of vitamin C
plant sources (especially red pepper) and fruits (especially strawberries)
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
The dietary supplement manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. If enough reports of i
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
A set of values for the dietary nutrient intakes of healthy people in the United States and Canada.They are recommendations and goals intended to be met through diet. Recommendations are not minimum levels nor optimal levels.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
The average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group. (Average amount sufficient for half of population). All RDA's have an EAR.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
The average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals. Recommendations meet the needs of healthy people, about 98% of the population.
Adequate Intake (AI)
The average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined.
(Insufficient scientific evidence, AI values set instead of RDA, and expected t
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
The maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects. (Point where nutrient is likely to be toxic, helps protect against over consumption.)
Explain how the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) is used to establish the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA).
The EAR is the closest to everyone's needs. However, if everyone consumed exactly the average requirement of a given nutrient, approximately half the population would develop deficiencies for that nutrient. Therefore, the Recommended Dietary Intake is set